HYDROGEN An Overview

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HYDROGENAn Overview

• Tom Gross
• IF,LLC
• Foundation for Nuclear Studies Briefing
• February 4, 2005

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What is Hydrogen?

• Element 1 on the Periodic Table
• 1 proton, 1 electron
• Diatomic molecule (H2)
• 2 protons, 2 electrons
• Highest energy content of common fuels on a
  WEIGHT basis
• Lowest energy content of common fuels on a VOLUME
  basis
• H is abundant on earth, but usually bound to
  carbon (such as CH4 ) or oxygen (H2O) or both
  (organic matter carbohydrates C6H12O6)
• H2 is not found in nature in large quantities
  (although there are some underground gas deposits
  that have relatively high concentrations of H2)

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Fuel Properties
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Fuel Energy Content

• Type EC per unit mass EC per unit volume
• Gasoline 1.0 1.0
• Methanol .44 .51
• Ethanol .61 .69
• Methane 1.1 .29
• Lithium ion .019
  .035
• Hydrogen 2.6 .2
• Note approximate unitization to gasoline, H2
  CH4 under pressure

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Hydrogen Safety?
Moral of the Story ?
Dont paint your dirigible with rocket fuel !
Hindenberg, 1937 Colorized photo shows burning of
dirigible outer fabric
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Hydrogen SafetyAnother Side of the Story

• Not Explosive In Open Air
• Not Decomposing
• Not Self-Igniting
• Not Oxidizing
• Not Toxic
• Not Corrosive
• Not Polluting
• Not Cancer Causing

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Hydrogen Safety
Hydrogen
Gasoline

• Fuel leak simulation
• Hydrogen on left
• Gasoline on right
• Equivalent energy release
• Single-mode failure assessment

3 seconds
Which car would you rather be in?
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From the Congressional Record 1875
A new source of power... called gasoline has
been produced by a Boston engineer. Instead of
burning the fuel under a boiler, it is exploded
inside the cylinder of an engine... The dangers
are obvious. Stores of gasoline in the hands of
people interested primarily in profit would
constitute a fire and explosive hazard of the
first rank. Horseless carriages propelled by
gasoline might attain speeds of 14, or even 20
miles per hour. The menace to our people of this
type hurtling through our streets and along our
roads and poisoning the atmosphere would call for
prompt legislative action even if the military
and economic implications were not so
overwhelming... the cost of producing (gasoline)
is far beyond the financial capacity of private
industry... In addition the development of this
new power may displace the use of horses, which
would wreck our agriculture.
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Why Hydrogen? Its abundant, clean, efficient,
and can be derived from diverse domestic
resources.
Transportation
.
Biomass Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal
HIGH EFFICIENCY RELIABILITY
Nuclear
Oil
Distributed Generation
ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS
Coal
With Carbon Sequestration
Natural Gas
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Why Hydrogen?

• Flexibility of source can be produced from a
  wide variety of domestically-available resources
  at any scale
• Could eliminate price instabilities in the energy
  market
• All regions of the world are in the game
• Energy security is possible through increased
  domestic energy production
• Significant, positive environmental impacts are
  possible
• Could remove energy production and consumption
  from the environmental equation, both locally and
  globally
• Potential for very low impact throughout energy
  chain
• Urban air quality
• Global climate change
• Flexibility of use only energy carrier that can
  (effectively) provide all energy services for all
  energy sectors

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Flexibility of H2 Sources

• Hydrogen can be produced from water from
  carbon-containing materials (usually reacting
  with water) as a byproduct of chemical processes
  
• Regional variations in traditional energy
  resources are no longer an issue
• Every region has some indigenous fossil or
  renewable resource that can be used to make
  hydrogen

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Environmental Impacts of H2

• At point of use (fuel cell), only emission is
  water.
• Overall environmental impact, however, is a
  function of the total hydrogen energy chain,
  e.g.
• Best case 100 decrease in greenhouse gas
  emissions (GHG)
• Worst case 80 increase in GHG

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Environmental Implications
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Environmental Implications
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Environmental Implications
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Energy Implications
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Flexibility of H2 Use

• In the Transportation Sector
• Desired range can be achieved with on-board
  hydrogen storage (unlike BEV)
• Can be used in ICE (with modification, very low
  emissions) preferred for fuel cell (no
  emissions) APUs
• Trains, automobiles, buses, and ships
• In the Buildings Sector
• Combined heat, power, and fuel
• Reliable energy services for critical
  applications
• Grid independence
• In the Industrial Sector
• Already has an important role as a chemical
• Opportunities for additional revenue streams

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Current H2 Production and Distribution (U.S.)

• 4 industrial gas companies dominate the U.S.
  marketplace
• 33 SIC categories served
• Natural gas used as feedstock for large scale
  reformer processes
• Available in many purities FCs use 99.99 purity
• Delivered primarily by truck and some pipelines
• Captive hydrogen production by refineries is
  largest domestic capability

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Commercial Production Today

• Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
• 48 of world production
• Strong economy-of-scale
• Heat integration within and outside of SMR
• Overall energy efficiency is affected by the
  ability to make use of the steam by-product

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Commercial Production Today

• Petroleum Refining
• 30 of world production
• Used within the refinery
• Coal Gasification
• 18 of world production
• Byproduct of steel industry - coke offgas
• Primarily found in Europe and Asia
• Electrolysis
• 4 of world production
• Water electrolysis
• High-purity for on-site generation and use
• Cost is a strong function of electricity cost
• In Norway and Canada, e.g., with excess
  hydroelectric power, this can be a cost-effective
  production technology
• Chloralkali process (byproduct of Cl2 and NaOH
  production)

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Hydrogen Uses In The U.S.

• Ammonia 50
• Oil Refining 37 (Captive)
• Methanol 8
• Other 5
• Food Oils
• Metals
• Semiconductors
• Float Glass

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Hydrogen Distribution

• Methods
• Pipelines (primarily southeast U.S 750 miles)
• Tanker trucks/tube trailers
• Rail and Barge
• Infrastructure commercially controlled
• Distance from production to point of use
  generally within 500 miles

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Hydrogen Distribution and Delivery

• Infrastructure exists today
• Is it enough for a while?
• How long before we need more?
• At what cost, and for what
• coverage?

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H2 Financial Highlights

• Industrial supplier base 6B Wall Street market
  cap (4 Industrial gas firms)
• Hydrogen business grows 8 annually
• Pure hydrogen has wide range of retail prices
• Hydrogen largely dependent on natural gas as
  feedstock (costs rising)
• DoE target price of hydrogen is 2/kg

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Delivered H2 Cost Estimates
Source An Integrated Hydrogen Vision for
California, July 2004
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Domestic Resources for Hydrogen Production

• America is a resource-rich nation
• Nearly every region of the country has one or
  more resources that could be used to produce
  hydrogen
• Renewables (biomass, wind and solar)
• Natural gas
• Coal

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Natural Gas Reserves
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Coal Reserves
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(No Transcript)
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Production Potential from Domestic Resources

• As an example, how could we fuel half of the
  current vehicle fleet with hydrogen?
• Current consumption in the light-duty vehicle
  market is 16 quads of gasoline
• Assume a 2x increase in efficiency with hydrogen
  fuel cell vehicles
• For half of the fleet, we would need 4 quads
• This is about 40 million tons of hydrogen per
  year (4 times the current domestic hydrogen
  production)
• Using only ONE domestic resource, can we make
  this much hydrogen?
• We will use a combination of resources, but this
  is an interesting exercise

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Production Potential from Domestic Resources

• To produce 40 million tons/year of hydrogen, we
  would need
• 95 million tons of natural gas (current
  consumption is around 475 million tons/year in
  all energy sectors)

• OR
• 310 million tons of coal (current consumption is
  around 1,100 million tons/year)

• OR
• 400-800 million tons of biomass (availability is
  800 million tons/year of residue plus potential
  of 300 million tons/year of dedicated energy
  crops with no food, feed or fiber diverted)

• OR
• The wind capacity of North Dakota (class 3 and
  above)

• OR
• 3,750 sq. miles of solar panels (approx.
  footprint of the White Sands Missile Range)

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Potential Nexus with Nuclear Power

• Nuclear Power Efficient Distributed
• Electrolysis Generates Hydrogen and Oxygen From
  Water
• Business Opportunity Exists For Nuclear Industry
  To Produce Hydrogen By Hosting Electrolysis
• Cheap Hydrogen Necessary For Fuel Cell Success
• Using Nuclear Power To Fuel Hydrogen Economy
  Gaining Support In Hydrogen Community

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Nuclear Industry Capabilities

• Electricity
• Land
• Technical Knowledge
• Hydrogen Experience
• Financial Strength
• Leverage To Obtain H2 Coverage With Insurance
  Companies

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So We Can Produce Hydrogen - Now What?

• Storage of hydrogen is a really tough technical
  challenge
• Building a hydrogen delivery and dispensing
  infrastructure will be expensive
• Its not just the transportation sector that can
  benefit from hydrogen and fuel cells need to
  focus on stationary and portable applications
  also
• To realize the benefits of a hydrogen economy, we
  should put a value (cost) on energy security and
  environmental impacts

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Barriers to the Use of Hydrogen
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Hydrogen Logistics

• Hydrogen vs. JP8 Fuel
• Weight
• Hydrogen has 2.76x energy content of JP8 by
  weight.
• Volume
• JP8 has 10.3x energy content of gaseous hydrogen
  by volume

Volumes of equal amount of energy
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Where do you think gasoline fits on this chart?
Hydrogen Storage Targets
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Hydrogen Fuel Stations

• About 60 hydrogen fuel stations worldwide for
  experimental vehicles
• Companies and governments supporting hydrogen
  development are taking different approaches
  there are few standard designs
• Codes and standards are in early formulation
  lack of these increases administrative costs of
  stations

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Status of Domestic Codes and Standards for
Hydrogen-fueled Vehicles
CSA/NGV2 Fuel Tanks for Hydrogen (Under revision)
SAE J2600 Compressed Hydrogen Fueling
Connectors (Published)
SAE J2574 Fuel Cell Vehicle Terminology (Published
)
SAE J2572 Recommended Practice Exhaust
Emissions (In Progress)
SAE J2594 Fuel Cell Recyclability Guidelines (Publ
ished)
SAE J2601 Compressed Hydrogen Fueling
Communication (In progress)
SAE J2615 Performance Test Procedures For Fuel
Cell Systems (In progress)
SAE J2578 Recommended Practices For Vehicle
Safety (Published)
SAE J2616 Performance Test Procedures For Fuel
Processor Subsystem (In progress)
EPA Emissions (Underway)
DOT/NHTSA FC Vehicle Regulations (Planned)
DOT/NHTSA Crashworthiness of HFCV (Planned)
SAE J2579 Recommended Practices For Hazardous
Fluid Systems (In progress)
SAE J2617 Performance Test Procedures Of PEM FC
Stack Subsystem (In progress)
Updated 9/20/04
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Status of Domestic Codes and Standards for
Hydrogen Fueling Stations
ANSI/CSA NGV2 Fuel Containers (CNG only)
ICC Family Codes Fire, Fuel, Mechanical Electrical
(Approved)
ASME Boiler Pressure Vessels (Published)
SAE J2600 Fueling Connectors (Published)
NFPA Codes Fuel, Electrical, Storage (Under
review for H2)
ANSI/CSA NGV 4 Dispensing Systems (CNG only)
SAE J2601 Vehicle Communication (In Progress)
UL 2264 Gaseous H2 generation (To be developed)
SAE J1616 Recommended Practice (CNG only)
CGA G5.3 Hydrogen Commercial Specification (Publis
hed)
CGA G5 Hydrogen Commercial H2 (Published)
CGA P6 Hydrogen Standard Density Data (Published)
CGA G5.4 Hydrogen Piping Systems (Published)
ASME B31.3 Piping (Published)
Updated 9/20/04
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Organizations Supporting Hydrogen RDD

• Industry
• Major Vehicle Manufacturers
• Energy Providers
• Fuel Cell Developers
• Government
• Department of Energy
• Department of Defense
• States

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Hydrogen RD Initiatives

• U.S. Government
• Hydrogen Fuel Initiative Announced Jan. 2003
• FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership
• States
• E.g., Californias Fuel Cell Partnership,
  Hydrogen Highway
• International
• International Partnership for the Hydrogen
  Economy

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A Commercialization Pathway

• Initially, distributed stationary electric power
• Remote, off-grid
• Uninterruptible power supply
• Then high volume energy carrier
• Generators
• Auxiliary power units
• Mobile power

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So Why Hydrogen?

• Its all about security
• Energy security
• Diverse domestic sources
• Flexibility of system
• Economic security
• International leadership in technology
  development and deployment
• Balance of payments
• Price stability
• Environmental security
• Potential to reduce GHG emissions with renewables
  or fossil with sequestration
• Air quality improvement potential

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References

• U.S. Department of Energy
• www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/
• National Hydrogen Association
• www.hydrogenus.com
• State of California
• hydrogenhighway.ca.gov

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Contacts

• David Haberman Tom Gross
• President Associate
• IF, LLC IF,LLC
• Tel [phone]
• E-mail ifdhllc_at_aol.com tgenergy_at_cox.net
• www.ifdhllc