Fig17_2

1
Fig17_2
2
Fig132
MARTY SELIGMAN
3
InRev17a
SOME BIASES IN SOCIAL PERCEPTION
Description
Bias
Ambiguous information is interpreted in line with
a first impression, and the initial schema is
recalled better and more vividly than any later
correction to it. Actions based on this
impression may elicit behavior that confirms
it. The tendency to attribute the behavior of
others to internal factors. The tendency for
actors to attribute their own behavior to
external causes and for observers to attribute
the behavior of others to internal factors. The
tendency to attribute ones successes to internal
factors and ones failures to external
factors. The tendency to assume that positive
events are more likely, and negative events are
less likely, to occur to oneself than to others.
Importance of first impression Fundamental
attribution error Actor-observer
bias Self-serving bias Unrealistic optimism
4
Fig17_4
5
17_05
LOW INVOLVEMENT
HIGH INVOLVEMENT
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
Agreement
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
Low
High
Low
High
Expertise of communicator
Expertise of communicator
Strong arguments
Weak arguments
6
Fig17_6
17_06
Favorable
12
11
10
Attitude toward the task
9
8
7
Unfavorable
20.00
1.00
Experimental condition
High justification (low dissonance)
Low justification (high dissonance)
7
InRev17b
FORMING AND CHANGING ATTITUDES
Description
Type of Influence
Attitudes are usually formed through observation
of how others behave and speak about an attitude
object, as well as through classical and operant
conditioning. People change attitudes through
either a central or peripheral route, depending
on factors such as personal involvement,
cognitive busyness, and personality
characteristics. Inconsistencies between
attitudes and behaviors can produce attitude
change, as can reviewing ones behavior in light
of circumstances.
Modeling and conditioning Elaboration
likelihood model Cognitive dissonance and
self-perception
8
Fig17_7
17_07
12
11
10
9
Attraction
8
7
6
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Proportion of similar attitudes
9
Fig17_10
STERNBERGS TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE
10
Fig101
11
LINKAGES to Social Cognition
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
CONSCIOUSNESS
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Can negative self- image lead to mental
disorders? (p. 606)
Do children perceive others as adults do?   (p.
432)
Can we ever be unbiased about anyone? (p. 625)