Growth of Industrialization

1
Growth of Industrialization
2
The Rise of Industrialism

• 2.2 A
• Shift from craftsmanship to machine manufacturing
• U.S. ranked 1st in the world for Industrial
  goods, ushering us into the modern age.
• Key Factors in Industrial Growth
• Abundant supply of natural resources coal, oil,
  and iron ore
• Improved transportation allowed coast to coast
  accessibility
• International markets open up
• Population shift from rural to urban centers.
• Increased from 25 to over 50, providing an
  abundant labor supply
• Government Support for Industrialization
• Government maintained a laissez-faire, or hands
  off approach.
• No personal income tax until 1913, and high
  tariffs on foreign goods.

3
Invention and Innovation

• 2.2 B
• The Spirit of Innovation
• Between 1860-1900 the U.S. Patent Office granted
  676,000 patents
• Steel is King
• Henry Bessemer discovers way to produce steel
  that is cost effective.
• Railroads can carry heavier cars, and travel
  faster
• Steel used in beams to crate new stronger
  buildings, such as skyscrapers
• Bridges can hold heavier weight
• Electricity is Widespread
• Introduction of electricity spurred innovations
• Telegraph, and telephone increase communication
• Escalators, elevators, central heating, and
  generators make life more comfortable
• Machines Increase Productivity
• Sewing Machines, and other assembly line machines
  speed up production

4
Industrial Leaders

• 2.2C
• Industrial Giants
• John D. Rockefeller and Oil
• Controlled 90 of the total oil industry in an
  attempt to monopolize it
• Collected royalties on railroads, oil pipelines,
  and boats used for its transportation
• Andrew Carnegie and Steel
• Strong ties with railroads, and shipping lines
• Produced ¼ of nations Bessemers Steel
• Other Industry Leaders
• Cornelius Vanderbilt, railroad industry
• Duke Family, tobacco industry
• The Gilded Age
• Writer Mark Twain labeled this time period
  because of the open displays of wealth Among
  American elite society seemed like a cheap
  picture frame Golden on the outside, but
  rotting on the inside.

5
Trusts and Government Corruption

• 2.2D
• The Rise of Industrial Trusts
• As industrialism progressed, businesses combined
  competing companies into monstrous firms called
  trusts
• Rockefellers Standard Oil trust was among the
  most monstrous trusts because he used ruthless
  tactics to eliminate his competition and control
  the oil industry.
• Trusts Influence Government Affairs
• Trusts manipulated the government at the federal,
  state, and local levels
• Trusts call for minimal government regulation
• City Government Corruption
• Jane Addams, a social reformer remarked in Why
  the Ward Boss Rules, laborers tended to vote for
  whichever boss promised to help them
• In Tammany Hall, bosses gave families gifts with
  the corrupt intent to win their political favor.

6
Criticism and Defense of Big Business

• 2.2E
• Wealthy Americans face Criticism
• Most Americans disapproved of the fact that so
  few individuals controlled the majority of
  Americas natural resources, industries, and
  utilities.
• Industrialists Defend Big Business
• Andrew Carnegie was known for his philanthropic
  work, donating over 350 million to both public
  and private works.

7
The Impact of Industrialism

• 2.2F
• Industrialization Benefits the Middle Class
• National wealth and income grew significantly and
  middle-class Americans experienced greater
  comforts and conveniences in daily life
• Life for Average Americans
• ¾ of the population lived in crowded tenements
  and company towns
• Industrial Working Conditions
• Laborers worked in deplorable conditions 10-12
  hours 6 days a week
• Many are killed, permanently injured and
  disfigured
• Low Pay and Reasons to Stay
• With a competing supply of labor employers were
  anxious to maximize efficiency and were quick to
  dismiss workers

8
Change and Discrimination in the Work Force

• 2.2G
• Industrialism and Women
• Womans roles shifted and more and more entered
  the work force
• They worked for considerably less money, usually
  50 of a mans pay
• Child Labor
• Laborers from age 10-15 worked 15 hours a day
  under horrible conditions
• Minority and Immigrant Laborers
• Worked in unskilled positions and were willing to
  work for almost nothing
• Business managers recruited ethnic labor groups,
  whom they pitted against one another to the
  benefit of the industry.

9
Organized Labor

• 2.2H
• Labor Unions Emerge
• Labors organized in hope to influence big
  business.
• Knights of Labor and Terence Powderly
• Membership open to all, aimed to secure a 8 hr
  day, equal pay, and elimination of child labor
• The American Federation of Labor and Samuel
  Gompers
• White skilled workers, higher and safer working
  conditions
• Business Response to Labor
• Laissez-faire gov., and supply of laborers, had
  advantage over unions
• Strikes and Violence
• 1877 Pittsburgh railway workers strike resulted
  in over 25 deaths
• Union Victories
• Most industries set max. work hours,
  compensation, and child labor laws

10
Food contamination and Muckrakers

• 2.2I
• Consumer Fraud
• Industrial growth brought unfair and unethical
  business practices
• There were no safeguards against poor quality and
  misleading advertising
• The Meatpacking Industry
• Upton Sinclair investigated meatpacking
  industries and wrote The Jungle
• Uncovered diseased pork, bologna made of diseased
  cow, sawdust, and dirt
• Helped influence Theodore Roosevelt to pass meat
  inspection laws
• 100s of soldiers died in the Spanish American
  War from eating tainted meat
• Muckrakers
• Those who concentrated on exposing the ills of
  society rather than proposing solutions to them.
  They actually helped pave way for future reforms.

11
The Toll on the Environment

• 2.22J
• Environmental impact
• Increase in the use of nonrenewable, or polluting
  fuels (oil, coal, natural gas)
• Mining and Deforestation
• Methods used were devastating to environment
• They included blasting mountain sides, and
  dumping waste into rivers
• Forests were leveled, and permanently destroyed
• Air and Water pollution
• Industries disregard for the environment resulted
  in water and air pollution
• Environmental Reformers
• Gifford Pinchot, founder of the American
  Conservation Movement, and John Muir both fought
  to reform the timber industry