Solutions acids and bases

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Solutions acids and bases

• Chapter 6

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solutions and other mixtures

• Heterogeneous mixtures
• Suspensions

• Mixture that is not the same through out
• Salads
• Dirt
• Suspension
• Separates into different layers when it is no
  longer agitated
• A mixture that looks uniform when stirred or
  shaken

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Colloids

• Colloids

• A mixture of very tiny particles of pure
  substances that are dispersed in another
  substance but do not settle out of the substance
• Egg whites
• Paint
• Blood
• Whipped cream
• Dispersed gas in a liquid

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Emulsions

• Emulsion

• A mixture of immiscible liquids in which liquid
  are spread through out one another
• Particles may be so small that they appear spread
  through out
• Mayonnaise
• cream

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Homogeneous mixtures

• Homogeneous mixtures

• Not only look uniform but are uniform
• Components of mixture is to small to observe

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Homogeneous mixtures

• Solution
• A Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
  uniformly spread through out a single phase

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Homogeneous mixtures

• Solute
• The substance that dissolves in a solution
• SALT

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Homogeneous mixtures

• SOLVENT
• THE SUBSTANCE THAT DISOLVES THE SOLUTE
• WATER
• ALCOHOL

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Dissolving and Solubility

• Dissolving
• diffuse

• Breaking down or spreading out of molecules into
  smaller molecules in a liquid
• spreading out of molecules in a liqud

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dissolving

• dissolving

• Factors affecting solubility
• Stirring
• Movement of the solvent
• Smaller surface area
• Breaking the solute into smaller sizes
• Heating solvent
• Increased heat promotes movement of molecules
• Kinetic energy

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Solubility

• solubility

• Ability of a substance of a solute to dissolve in
  a given solute
• A substance is said to be soluble
• Substances can be partly soluble in a liquid
• Water is a universal solvent
• Most thing w/ a OH ion are dissolved in water
• Water is a polar molecule

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Water

• Water solubility

• Polar molecule
• Covalent bond
• Hydrogen atom
• Partially positive charge
• Oxygen atom
• Partially negative charge

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Like dissolves Like

• Like dissolves

• Polar molecules will dissolve other polar
  molecules
• Methanol polar
• Gasoline non-polar

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Concentration

• Concentration

• Quantity of solute dissolved in a given amount of
  solution

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concentration

• Unsaturated
• Saturated

• A solution that is able to dissolve more solute
• A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute
  at a given condition
• Temperature
• pressure

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concentration

• Super saturated

• A solution that is holding more dissolved solute
  than is specified by its solubility at a given
  temperature

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Acids, bases and Ph

• Acids

• A substance that donates a Hydrogen ion H to
  form a hydronium ion H3O when dissolved in
  water.
• Citric acid, Hydrochloric acid

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Acids

• ACIDS donate protons to water to form hydronium
  ions
• taste sour
• turn cabbage juice red
• turn litmus paper red

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acids

• electricity

• Can conduct electricity when dissolved in water
• Strong acids conduct electricity better than weak
  acids

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Common acids
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Bases

• BASES

• SUBSTANCES THAT EITHER CONTAINS
• Hydroxide ions,
• Reacts with water to form hydroxide ions
• OH-

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Bases

• BASES
• Can be as dangerous as acids

• donate hydroxyl groups
• accept protons
• taste bitter
• feel slimy
• turn cabbage juice yellow, green or blue
  depending upon the solution concentration
• turn litmus paper blue

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ACID AND BASES IN THE HOME
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Cleaning products

• Cleaning products
• SOAPS
• DETERGENTS

• Dissolve both grease and oil and in water
• Works as an emulsifier that let oil and water
• Compounds with sodium hydroxide
• Potassium hydroxide
• Able to remove the grease b/c of negatively
  charged cations

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Detergents

• detergents

• Soaps do not work well in hard water
• Mg, Ca, Fe
• React with water to form a insoluble scum
• Detergents must be used in hard waters
• Form a long chain of negatively charged cations
• Sulfate group
• Derived from petroleum products
• Lather well in hard water
• Do not form scum

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Ammonia solutions

• Ammonia
• NH3H2O NH4OH

• Ammonia gas dissolved in water
• Reacts with water to form basic solutions

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Disinfectants

• Disinfectants
• Bleach

• Kill germs
• Bleach
• Sodium chlorite
• React w/ water
• form hypochlorous acid
• Gives acid its disinfectant properties

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Acids

• Acids
• antacids

• Ascorbic acid
• Aspirin
• Antacid
• Are weak bases
• Neutralize excess stomach acid