CDA 3100 Computer Organization I

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CDA 3100 Computer Organization I

• Fall 2007
• Instructor Xiuwen Liu
• Teaching Assistants
• Department of Computer Science
• Florida State University

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Outline

• Class organization
• Syllabus recapitulated
• Class schedule (tentative)
• Introduction

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Class organization

• Class syllabus recapitulated
• Class web page
• http//www.cs.fsu.edu/liux/courses/cda3100/
• Class schedule (tentative)
• Comments
• Grading
• Academic honor code
• Programs you submitted must be your own work
• While discussions of class materials and
  assignments are allowed, copying of solutions is
  strictly prohibited

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Class Communication

• This class will use Blackboard as the means for
  communication and for posting grades
• Please make sure that you check your emails on
  the account on your University record
• The class web site will also be used to post
  news, changes, and updates

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Required Textbook

• The required textbook for this class is
• Computer Organization and Design
• The hardware/software interface
• By David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy
• Third Edition
• Morgan Kaufmann Plublishers, part of Elsevier
• 2005
• We will cover chapters 1-4, part of 5, and
  appendices A and B

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Lecture Notes and Textbook

• All the materials that you will be tested on will
  be covered in the lectures
• Even though you may need to read the textbook for
  review and further detail explanations
• The lectures will be based on the textbook and
  handouts distributed in class

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Programming Environment at CS

• For this class, we will use linprog most of the
  time
• linprog is a machine stack, consisting of four
  Pentium III machines
• Running Linux 2.6.9
• Another available machine stack is program,
  consisting of four Sun workstations
  (Sun-Fire-V240, sparc ISA)
• Running SunOS 5.10
• Using ssh to remotely login to these machines

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Computer System Overview

• A computer system consists of hardware and
  software that are combined to provide a tool to
  solve problems (with best performance)
• Hardware includes CPU, memory, disks, printers,
  screen, keyboard, mouse ...
• Software includes
• System software
• A general environment to create specific
  applications
• Application software
• A tool to solve a specific problem

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Computer System Overview cont.
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Steps to Run a C Program

• First we need to compile the program

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Steps to Run a C Program

• Then we need to run the program
• The operating system locates where the program is
• Then it loads the program into memory
• The instructions in the program are then executed
  one by one
• When the program is done, the operating system
  then releases the memory and other resources
  allocated to the program

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Computer Organization

• Regardless what programming languages you use,
  each program consists of instructions
• In this class we will understand computer systems
  by
• Looking at instruction sets
• Programming (almost) directly using instructions
• Looking at designs of building blocks (gates,
  registers, memory, ..)
• Designing a processor (a simple implementation)

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How can We Understand Computer Systems?

• They are the most complicated machines ever built
  on the earth
• For example, each dual-core Intel Itanium 2 9000
  processor contains 1.72 billion transistors
• In comparison, a Boeing airplane has about 4
  million parts
• How can we comprehend these computer systems?

According to Intel http//www.intel.com/pressroom/
kits/core2duo/pdf/Intel20Quad20Core20Processor
20Update20E2809320Sept202006.pdf
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Opening the Box
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A Motherboard
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Silicon Graphics MIPS R12000
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40x Magnification
The actual size is about 80 microns
Silicon Graphics MIPS R12000
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Hierarchical Abstraction

• Instead, we focus on principles underlying these
  computer systems using hierarchical abstractions

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Hierarchical Abstractions

• Applications/systems software
• Assembly/machine language
• Architectural issues i.e., caches, virtual
  memory, pipelining
• Boolean logic, 1s and 0s
• Sequential logic, finite state machines
• Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits
• Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)
• Semiconductors/silicon used to build transistors
• Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum
  dynamics
• In this class we focus on the software-hardware
  interface
• Known as the instruction set architectures (ISA)

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Instruction Set Architecture

• A very important abstraction
• Interface between hardware and low-level software
• Standardizes instructions, machine language bit
  patterns, etc.
• Advantage different implementations of the same
  architecture
• Modern instruction set architectures
• IA-32, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC, ARM,

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Five Classic Components
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Why This Class Important?

• If you want to create better computers
• It introduces necessary concepts, components, and
  principles necessary to become a computer
  scientist
• By understanding the existing systems, you can
  create better ones
• If you want to build software with better
  performance

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Example

• Rendering of realistic 3D objects requires
  projection
• It requires a lot of multiplications

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Why This Class Important?

• If you want to create better computers
• It introduces necessary concepts, components, and
  principles for a computer scientist
• By understanding the existing systems, you may
  create better ones
• If you want to build software with better
  performance
• If you want to have a good choice of jobs
• If you want to be a real computer science major

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Performance Increase of Workstations
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Market
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Market
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Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate
Source NACE Fall 2005 Report (http//www.jobweb.c
om/resources/library/Careers_In/Starting_Salary_51
_01.htm)
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Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate
Source NACE Fall 2005 Report (http//www.jobweb.c
om/resources/library/Careers_In/Starting_Salary_51
_01.htm)
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Historical Perspective

• One of the unique characteristics of computers
  compared to other tools is that the same hardware
  can be used for all possible computations
• In other words, they are general purpose
  computers
• There is a long history of building such machines
• Abacus in 3000 BC
• Charles Babbage (1791-1871) first attempted to
  build universal computing machines
• Difference Engines 1 and 2

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Analytical Machine
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Science Museums Reconstruction
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Jacquard Loom
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von Neumann Architecture
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ENIAC

• ENIAC built in World War II was the first general
  purpose computer
• Used for computing artillery firing tables
• 80 feet long by 8.5 feet high and several feet
  wide
• Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet
  long
• Used 18,000 vacuum tubes
• Performed 1900 additions per second

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Technology Advances
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First transistor developed in 1948, used in the
second generation computers
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Technology Advances
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Performance Increases of Workstations
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Fun Fact Where are the Bugs in Programs
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Summary

• The focus of this class is to
• Understand instruction set architectures
• Be able to program using instructions
• Understand the building blocks of computer
  hardware
• Design a simple processor
• Next class Number representations