Title: Hardware for Power
1Processors
- Hardware for Power Portability
2Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips
3Technology Development
- Vacuum tubes
- Transistors
- Integrated Circuit (IC)
- Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
- Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
4Miniaturization Miracle Mobility
- A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece of silicon
that contains millions of microminiature
electronic circuit components, mainly
transistors. - A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of
a computer processor---the part that processes,
or manipulates, data into information. - Experts predict that small, powerful, wireless
electronic devices will transform our lives more
than the personal computer has done so far.
Wafer imprinted with many microprocessors.
5Five Types of Computer System
- Microcontrollers tiny, specialized
microprocessors installed in smart appliances
and automobiles. - Microcomputers
- Minicomputers
- Mainframes
- Supercomputers
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7Microcomputers personal computers and
workstations
- Microcomputers are small computers that can fit
on or beside a desk or or portable. - Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or
portable computers such as pocket PCs,
sub-notebook, notebook, laptops, desktop, tower
units and workstations. - Workstations are usually more sophisticated than
PCs. But the decline in workstation prices and
the increase in PC power have blurred the
difference.
8Minicomputers
Minicomputers are machines midway in cost and
capability between microcomputer and mainframes.
9Mainframes
- Mainframes are the oldest category of computer
system, which usually occupy specially wired,
air-conditioned rooms and capable of great
processing speeds and data storage. - Three trends
- Old mainframes will be kept for some purposes.
- Networks of smaller computers will grow.
- Mainframes will be reinvented.
IBM ES/9000
10Supercomputers
- Supercomputers are designed in two ways
- Vector processors
- Massively parallel processors
11Powerful supercomputer network
A server, or network server, is a central
computer that holds databases and programs for
many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are
called clients.These clients are linked by a
wired or wireless network.The entire network is
called a client/server network
12The CPU (central processing unit)
- The control unit The control unit tells the
rest of the computer system how to carry out a
programs instructions. - The arithmetic/logic unit The arithmetic/logic
unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and
logical operations and controls the speed of
those operations.
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14Main Memory Registers
- Main memory, also known as primary storage,
internal memory, or RAM (random access memory),
is a working storage to (1) hold data for
processing, (2) hold instructions to process the
data, and/or (3) to hold processed data waiting
to be sent to an output or secondary-storage
device. - Registers are high-speed storage areas that
temporarily data during processing. - Main memory and registers are examples of
volatile storage --- whose contents are lost
during the power is turned-off.
15Machine Cycle
- The machine cycle is a series of operations
performed to execute a single program
instruction.The machine cycle consists of two
parts - The instruction cycle in the instruction cycle,
or I-cycle, the control unit (1) fetches (gets)
an instruction from main memory and (2) decodes
that instruction (determines what it means). - The execution cycle During the execution cycle,
or E-cycle, the arithmetic/logic unit (3)
executes the instruction and (4) stores the
processed results in main memory or a register.
16The machine cycle
17Processing Speeds
- Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions
of a second - Time in millions of machine cycles per second
(MHz) - Time to complete instructions, in millions of
instructions per second (MIPS) - Time in floating-point operations per second
(flops)
18The Microcomputer System Unit
- Power supply
- Motherboard
- CPU
- Specialized processor chips
- System clock
- RAM (Random Access Memory)
- ROM (Read Only Memory)
- Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash
- Expansion slots and boards
- Bus lines
- Ports
- PC slots and card
19Power Supply
- The power supply is a device that converts AC to
DC to run the computer. - A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a
device that protects a computer from being
damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage . - A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a
battery-operated device that provides a computer
with electricity if there is a power failure.
20CPU chips
- Intel 86 series (and their variations made by
AMD, Cyrix). - Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple
Macintosh computers. - In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and
Apple to produce the PowerPC chip. - RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing) developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, and
Digital. - Specialized Processor Chips A motherboard
usually has slots for plugging in specialized
processor chips. Specialized chips significantly
increase the speed of a computer system - A word is the number of bits manipulated at one
time by the CPU.
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22Machine Language
- Machine language is a binary-type programming
language that the computer can run directly. - A language compiler translates high-level
human-readable programming languages into machine
languages.
23Memory chips
- RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that
will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM
chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single
inline memory module). - ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is
also known as firmware, cannot be written on or
erased by the computer user. - Other Form of Memory
- Cache memory is a special high-speed memory area
that the CPU can access quickly. - Video memory is used to store display images for
the monitor. - Flash memory is used primarily in notebook
computers.
24Types of Memory
- DRAM Dynamic Random Access memory.
- SRAM Static Random Access memory.
- ROM Read-Only Memory.
- PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory.
- EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
- EEPROM Electronically erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory.
25Expansion Slots Boards
- Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard
into which you can plug expansion cards.
Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit
boards that provide more memory or control
peripheral devices. - Among the types of expansion cards are
- Expanded memory
- Display adapter or graphics adapter cards
- Network interface card
- Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card)
- Other add-ons
26Bus Lines
- A bus line, or simply bus, is an electrical
pathway through which bits are transmitted
within the CPU and between the CPU and other
devices in the system unit. - A bus carries data between RAM and the expansion
slots . A bus that connects expansion slots
directly to the CPU is called a local bus.
27Ports
- A port is a socket on the outside of the system
unit that is connected to an expansion board on
the inside of the system unit. - Parallel ports allow lines to be transmitted
simultaneously. - Serial ports enables a line to be connected that
will send bits one after the other on a single
line. - Video adapter ports connect the video display
monitor. - SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports
provides an interface for transferring data at
high speeds - Game ports allow you to attach a joystick or
similar game-playing device to the system unit.
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31PC(PCMCIA) Slot Cards
- Short for Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association, PCMCIA is a completely
open, relatively new bus standard for portable
computers. - Joke People Cant Memorize Computer Industry
Acronyms - Now usually called PC cards.
32Computers Environmental Questions
- Energy Consumption Green PCs
- Environmental Pollution
33Future DevelopmentsNear Horizons
- ? Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips
- ? Billion-bit memory chips
- ? Teraflop supercomputers
- ? Stripped-down Internet PCs
- ? Intercast TV/Internet PC
34Future DevelopmentsFar horizons
- ? Gallium arsenide
- ? Superconductors
- ? Opto-electronic processing
- ? Nanotechnology
- ? Biotechnology-using DNA molecules