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Hardware for Power

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... installed in 'smart' appliances and automobiles. Microcomputers: ... line, or simply bus, is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Hardware for Power


1
Processors
  • Hardware for Power Portability

2
Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips
3
Technology Development
  • Vacuum tubes
  • Transistors
  • Integrated Circuit (IC)
  • Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
  • Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)

4
Miniaturization Miracle Mobility
  • A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece of silicon
    that contains millions of microminiature
    electronic circuit components, mainly
    transistors.
  • A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of
    a computer processor---the part that processes,
    or manipulates, data into information.
  • Experts predict that small, powerful, wireless
    electronic devices will transform our lives more
    than the personal computer has done so far.

Wafer imprinted with many microprocessors.
5
Five Types of Computer System
  • Microcontrollers tiny, specialized
    microprocessors installed in smart appliances
    and automobiles.
  • Microcomputers
  • Minicomputers
  • Mainframes
  • Supercomputers

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Microcomputers personal computers and
workstations
  • Microcomputers are small computers that can fit
    on or beside a desk or or portable.
  • Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or
    portable computers such as pocket PCs,
    sub-notebook, notebook, laptops, desktop, tower
    units and workstations.
  • Workstations are usually more sophisticated than
    PCs. But the decline in workstation prices and
    the increase in PC power have blurred the
    difference.

8
Minicomputers
Minicomputers are machines midway in cost and
capability between microcomputer and mainframes.
9
Mainframes
  • Mainframes are the oldest category of computer
    system, which usually occupy specially wired,
    air-conditioned rooms and capable of great
    processing speeds and data storage.
  • Three trends
  • Old mainframes will be kept for some purposes.
  • Networks of smaller computers will grow.
  • Mainframes will be reinvented.

IBM ES/9000
10
Supercomputers
  • Supercomputers are designed in two ways
  • Vector processors
  • Massively parallel processors

11
Powerful supercomputer network
A server, or network server, is a central
computer that holds databases and programs for
many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are
called clients.These clients are linked by a
wired or wireless network.The entire network is
called a client/server network
12
The CPU (central processing unit)
  • The control unit The control unit tells the
    rest of the computer system how to carry out a
    programs instructions.
  • The arithmetic/logic unit The arithmetic/logic
    unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and
    logical operations and controls the speed of
    those operations.

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Main Memory Registers
  • Main memory, also known as primary storage,
    internal memory, or RAM (random access memory),
    is a working storage to (1) hold data for
    processing, (2) hold instructions to process the
    data, and/or (3) to hold processed data waiting
    to be sent to an output or secondary-storage
    device.
  • Registers are high-speed storage areas that
    temporarily data during processing.
  • Main memory and registers are examples of
    volatile storage --- whose contents are lost
    during the power is turned-off.

15
Machine Cycle
  • The machine cycle is a series of operations
    performed to execute a single program
    instruction.The machine cycle consists of two
    parts
  • The instruction cycle in the instruction cycle,
    or I-cycle, the control unit (1) fetches (gets)
    an instruction from main memory and (2) decodes
    that instruction (determines what it means).
  • The execution cycle During the execution cycle,
    or E-cycle, the arithmetic/logic unit (3)
    executes the instruction and (4) stores the
    processed results in main memory or a register.

16
The machine cycle
17
Processing Speeds
  • Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions
    of a second
  • Time in millions of machine cycles per second
    (MHz)
  • Time to complete instructions, in millions of
    instructions per second (MIPS)
  • Time in floating-point operations per second
    (flops)

18
The Microcomputer System Unit
  • Power supply
  • Motherboard
  • CPU
  • Specialized processor chips
  • System clock
  • RAM (Random Access Memory)
  • ROM (Read Only Memory)
  • Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash
  • Expansion slots and boards
  • Bus lines
  • Ports
  • PC slots and card

19
Power Supply
  • The power supply is a device that converts AC to
    DC to run the computer.
  • A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a
    device that protects a computer from being
    damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage .
  • A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a
    battery-operated device that provides a computer
    with electricity if there is a power failure.


20
CPU chips
  • Intel 86 series (and their variations made by
    AMD, Cyrix).
  • Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple
    Macintosh computers.
  • In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and
    Apple to produce the PowerPC chip.
  • RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set
    Computing) developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, and
    Digital.
  • Specialized Processor Chips A motherboard
    usually has slots for plugging in specialized
    processor chips. Specialized chips significantly
    increase the speed of a computer system
  • A word is the number of bits manipulated at one
    time by the CPU.

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Machine Language
  • Machine language is a binary-type programming
    language that the computer can run directly.
  • A language compiler translates high-level
    human-readable programming languages into machine
    languages.

23
Memory chips
  • RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that
    will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM
    chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single
    inline memory module).
  • ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is
    also known as firmware, cannot be written on or
    erased by the computer user.
  • Other Form of Memory
  • Cache memory is a special high-speed memory area
    that the CPU can access quickly.
  • Video memory is used to store display images for
    the monitor.
  • Flash memory is used primarily in notebook
    computers.

24
Types of Memory
  • DRAM Dynamic Random Access memory.
  • SRAM Static Random Access memory.
  • ROM Read-Only Memory.
  • PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory.
  • EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
  • EEPROM Electronically erasable Programmable
    Read-Only Memory.

25
Expansion Slots Boards
  • Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard
    into which you can plug expansion cards.
    Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit
    boards that provide more memory or control
    peripheral devices.
  • Among the types of expansion cards are
  • Expanded memory
  • Display adapter or graphics adapter cards
  • Network interface card
  • Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card)
  • Other add-ons

26
Bus Lines
  • A bus line, or simply bus, is an electrical
    pathway through which bits are transmitted
    within the CPU and between the CPU and other
    devices in the system unit.
  • A bus carries data between RAM and the expansion
    slots . A bus that connects expansion slots
    directly to the CPU is called a local bus.

27
Ports
  • A port is a socket on the outside of the system
    unit that is connected to an expansion board on
    the inside of the system unit.
  • Parallel ports allow lines to be transmitted
    simultaneously.
  • Serial ports enables a line to be connected that
    will send bits one after the other on a single
    line.
  • Video adapter ports connect the video display
    monitor.
  • SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports
    provides an interface for transferring data at
    high speeds
  • Game ports allow you to attach a joystick or
    similar game-playing device to the system unit.

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31
PC(PCMCIA) Slot Cards
  • Short for Personal Computer Memory Card
    International Association, PCMCIA is a completely
    open, relatively new bus standard for portable
    computers.
  • Joke People Cant Memorize Computer Industry
    Acronyms
  • Now usually called PC cards.

32
Computers Environmental Questions
  • Energy Consumption Green PCs
  • Environmental Pollution

33
Future DevelopmentsNear Horizons
  • ? Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips
  • ? Billion-bit memory chips
  • ? Teraflop supercomputers
  • ? Stripped-down Internet PCs
  • ? Intercast TV/Internet PC

34
Future DevelopmentsFar horizons
  • ? Gallium arsenide
  • ? Superconductors
  • ? Opto-electronic processing
  • ? Nanotechnology
  • ? Biotechnology-using DNA molecules
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