Hardware for Power

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Processors

• Hardware for Power Portability

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Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips
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Technology Development

• Vacuum tubes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)

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Miniaturization Miracle Mobility

• A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece of silicon
  that contains millions of microminiature
  electronic circuit components, mainly
  transistors.
• A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of
  a computer processor---the part that processes,
  or manipulates, data into information.
• Experts predict that small, powerful, wireless
  electronic devices will transform our lives more
  than the personal computer has done so far.

Wafer imprinted with many microprocessors.
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Five Types of Computer System

• Microcontrollers tiny, specialized
  microprocessors installed in smart appliances
  and automobiles.
• Microcomputers
• Minicomputers
• Mainframes
• Supercomputers

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Microcomputers personal computers and
workstations

• Microcomputers are small computers that can fit
  on or beside a desk or or portable.
• Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or
  portable computers such as pocket PCs,
  sub-notebook, notebook, laptops, desktop, tower
  units and workstations.
• Workstations are usually more sophisticated than
  PCs. But the decline in workstation prices and
  the increase in PC power have blurred the
  difference.

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Minicomputers
Minicomputers are machines midway in cost and
capability between microcomputer and mainframes.
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Mainframes

• Mainframes are the oldest category of computer
  system, which usually occupy specially wired,
  air-conditioned rooms and capable of great
  processing speeds and data storage.
• Three trends
• Old mainframes will be kept for some purposes.
• Networks of smaller computers will grow.
• Mainframes will be reinvented.

IBM ES/9000
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Supercomputers

• Supercomputers are designed in two ways
• Vector processors
• Massively parallel processors

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Powerful supercomputer network
A server, or network server, is a central
computer that holds databases and programs for
many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are
called clients.These clients are linked by a
wired or wireless network.The entire network is
called a client/server network
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The CPU (central processing unit)

• The control unit The control unit tells the
  rest of the computer system how to carry out a
  programs instructions.
• The arithmetic/logic unit The arithmetic/logic
  unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and
  logical operations and controls the speed of
  those operations.

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Main Memory Registers

• Main memory, also known as primary storage,
  internal memory, or RAM (random access memory),
  is a working storage to (1) hold data for
  processing, (2) hold instructions to process the
  data, and/or (3) to hold processed data waiting
  to be sent to an output or secondary-storage
  device.
• Registers are high-speed storage areas that
  temporarily data during processing.
• Main memory and registers are examples of
  volatile storage --- whose contents are lost
  during the power is turned-off.

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Machine Cycle

• The machine cycle is a series of operations
  performed to execute a single program
  instruction.The machine cycle consists of two
  parts
• The instruction cycle in the instruction cycle,
  or I-cycle, the control unit (1) fetches (gets)
  an instruction from main memory and (2) decodes
  that instruction (determines what it means).
• The execution cycle During the execution cycle,
  or E-cycle, the arithmetic/logic unit (3)
  executes the instruction and (4) stores the
  processed results in main memory or a register.

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The machine cycle
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Processing Speeds

• Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions
  of a second
• Time in millions of machine cycles per second
  (MHz)
• Time to complete instructions, in millions of
  instructions per second (MIPS)
• Time in floating-point operations per second
  (flops)

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The Microcomputer System Unit

• Power supply
• Motherboard
• CPU
• Specialized processor chips
• System clock
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
• Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash
• Expansion slots and boards
• Bus lines
• Ports
• PC slots and card

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Power Supply

• The power supply is a device that converts AC to
  DC to run the computer.
• A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a
  device that protects a computer from being
  damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage .
• A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a
  battery-operated device that provides a computer
  with electricity if there is a power failure.
  
  

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CPU chips

• Intel 86 series (and their variations made by
  AMD, Cyrix).
• Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple
  Macintosh computers.
• In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and
  Apple to produce the PowerPC chip.
• RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set
  Computing) developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, and
  Digital.
• Specialized Processor Chips A motherboard
  usually has slots for plugging in specialized
  processor chips. Specialized chips significantly
  increase the speed of a computer system
• A word is the number of bits manipulated at one
  time by the CPU.

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Machine Language

• Machine language is a binary-type programming
  language that the computer can run directly.
• A language compiler translates high-level
  human-readable programming languages into machine
  languages.

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Memory chips

• RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that
  will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM
  chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single
  inline memory module).
• ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is
  also known as firmware, cannot be written on or
  erased by the computer user.
• Other Form of Memory
• Cache memory is a special high-speed memory area
  that the CPU can access quickly.
• Video memory is used to store display images for
  the monitor.
• Flash memory is used primarily in notebook
  computers.

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Types of Memory

• DRAM Dynamic Random Access memory.
• SRAM Static Random Access memory.
• ROM Read-Only Memory.
• PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• EEPROM Electronically erasable Programmable
  Read-Only Memory.

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Expansion Slots Boards

• Expansion slots are sockets on the motherboard
  into which you can plug expansion cards.
  Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit
  boards that provide more memory or control
  peripheral devices.
• Among the types of expansion cards are
• Expanded memory
• Display adapter or graphics adapter cards
• Network interface card
• Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card)
• Other add-ons

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Bus Lines

• A bus line, or simply bus, is an electrical
  pathway through which bits are transmitted
  within the CPU and between the CPU and other
  devices in the system unit.
• A bus carries data between RAM and the expansion
  slots . A bus that connects expansion slots
  directly to the CPU is called a local bus.

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Ports

• A port is a socket on the outside of the system
  unit that is connected to an expansion board on
  the inside of the system unit.
• Parallel ports allow lines to be transmitted
  simultaneously.
• Serial ports enables a line to be connected that
  will send bits one after the other on a single
  line.
• Video adapter ports connect the video display
  monitor.
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports
  provides an interface for transferring data at
  high speeds
• Game ports allow you to attach a joystick or
  similar game-playing device to the system unit.

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PC(PCMCIA) Slot Cards

• Short for Personal Computer Memory Card
  International Association, PCMCIA is a completely
  open, relatively new bus standard for portable
  computers.
• Joke People Cant Memorize Computer Industry
  Acronyms
• Now usually called PC cards.

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Computers Environmental Questions

• Energy Consumption Green PCs
• Environmental Pollution

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Future DevelopmentsNear Horizons

• ? Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips
• ? Billion-bit memory chips
• ? Teraflop supercomputers
• ? Stripped-down Internet PCs
• ? Intercast TV/Internet PC

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Future DevelopmentsFar horizons

• ? Gallium arsenide
• ? Superconductors
• ? Opto-electronic processing
• ? Nanotechnology
• ? Biotechnology-using DNA molecules