Batteries and Energy Storage

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Batteries and Energy Storage

• Eestec Observer Greece

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BATTERIES

• A device that converts chemical to electrical
  energy directly
• As of 2005, the worldwide battery industry
  generates US48 billion in sales annually.
• Two broad classes
• Primary batteries irreversibly transform
  chemical energy to electrical energy, thus energy
  cannot be restored by electrical means.
• Secondary batteries can be recharged, that is,
  have their chemical reactions reversed

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Life of primary batteries

• Life of primary batteries
• Lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge
  every year at a temperature of about 2030C
  (self discharge rate)
• ?due to non-current-producing "side" chemical
  reactions within the cell
• Life of rechargeable batteries
• self-discharge more rapidly than disposable
  alkaline batteries
• modern Lithium designs have reduced the
  self-discharge rate to a relatively low level

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Examples of Batteries

• Disposable
• Thermal battery high-temperature reserve.
• ? almost exclusively military applications.
• Water-activated battery
• ? used for emergency applications
• Rechargeable
• Rechargeable alkaline battery similar to
  non-rechargeable alkaline batteries Hold their
  charge for years, unlike other rechargable
  batteries.
• Nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH) Best used
  for high-tech devices. last up to four times
  longer than alkaline batteries because NiMH can
  withstand high current for a long while.

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Traction batteries
The largest installations of batteries for
propulsion of vehicles are found in submarines.
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Environmental Concern

• Among the most expensive energy sources
• Their manufacturing
• consumes valuable resources
• involves hazardous chemicals.
• Dealing With
• Battery recycling services to recover some of
  the more toxic materials.
• It is also important to prevent lead, mercury,
  cadmium, etc from entering the environment.

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Rechargeable Paper Battery

• Developed In August 2007
• Designed to function as both a lithium-ion
  battery and a super capacitor.
• The sheets can be rolled, twisted, folded, or
  cut into numerous shapes with no loss of
  integrity or efficiency,
• The sheets can be stacked, like printer paper to
  boost total output.
• Low cost
• portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles
• They use electrolytes in blood
• Potentially useful for medical devices
• Biodegradable unlike most other disposable
  cells.

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UPSUninterruptible Power Supply

• Off-line UPS remains idle until a power failure
  occurs and switches from utility power to its own
  power source.
• On-line UPS continuously powers the protected
  load from its reserves, while simultaneously
  replenishing the reserves from the AC power.
• no switch-on time required
• Provides protection against
• ? complete failure of the utility supply
• ? all common power problems

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Internal UPS

• Placed inside computer chassis.
• First type regular UPS miniaturized to fit into
  a 5.25 slot bay of a regular computer chassis.
• Second type re-engineered switching power
  supplies utilizing dual power sources of AC/DC as
  power inputs with built-in AC-DC switching
  management control units.

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Uses of a UPS

• Typically used to protect computers,
  telecommunication equipment or other electrical
  equipment.
• an unexpected power disruption could cause
  injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption
  or data loss.
• Common Occasions
• Power failure
• ?Causes electrical equipment to stop working.
• Voltage sag
• ?Causes flickering of lights.
• Voltage spike
• ?Causes wear or acute damage to electronic
  equipment.

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FUEL CELLS

• Root back in 1838
• Not constrained by the maximum Carnot cycle
  efficiency as combustion engines are.
• The "limitations imposed by the second law of
  thermodynamics on the operation of fuel cells are
  much less severe than the limitations imposed on
  conventional energy conversion systems".
• ?Very high efficiencies in converting chemical
  energy to electrical energy,

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Fuel Cells
Fuel cell UPS have also been developed in recent
years using hydrogen and a fuel cell as a power
source potentially providing long run times in a
small space. A fuel cell replaces the batteries
as energy storage used in all UPS designs.
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Fuel cell applications

• A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be
  compact, lightweight and has no major moving
  parts.
• 99.9999 reliability in ideal conditions.
• ?This equates to less than one minute of down
  time in a six year period.
• As power sources in remote locations, such as
  spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks,
  rural locations and in certain military
  applications.
• Producing heat and power for family homes,
  office buildings and factories.

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Storing Renewable Energy

• Batteries and renewable energy generation
  systems in either grid-connected or standalone
  applications.
• Stand-alone systems batteries essential to
  store electricity for use in special cases (e.g.
  when the wind is not blowing).
• Grid-connected systems batteries facilitate a
  better match between the demand and supply.

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Thank you for your time
Nikolaos Kakouros Guri Enkeled
2007