Technician Licensing Class T4

1
Technician Licensing ClassT4

• Presented by the
• Plano Texas Stake
• Plano, Texas
• January 13, 2007

2
Amateur Radio Technician ClassElement 2Course
Presentation

• ELEMENT 2 SUBELEMENTS
• T1 - FCC Rules, station license responsibilities
• T2 - Control operator duties
• T3 - Operating practices
• T4 - Radio and electronic fundamentals
• T5 - Station setup and operation
• T6 - Communications modes and methods
• T7 - Special operations
• T8 - Emergency and Public Service Communications
• T9 - Radio waves, propagation, and antennas
• T0 - Electrical and RF Safety

3
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

• Names of electrical units DC and AC
• Electrical current is measured in the following
  units
• Amperes
• The name for the flow of electrons in an electric
  circuit is
• Current
• The name for a current that flows only in one
  direction is
• Direct Current (DC)

4
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

• Names of electrical units DC and AC
• Electrical Power is measured in the following
  units
• Watt
• The standard unit of frequency is
• Hertz
• The basic unit of resistance is
• Ohm
• The name for current that reverses direction on a
  regular basis is
• Alternating Current (AC)

5
Multimeter(s)
Multimeters will measure Voltage, Current and
Resistance. Be sure it is set properly to read
what is being measured. If it is set to the ohms
setting and voltage is measured the meter could
be damaged!
6
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

• Conductors and insulators (cont)
• Copper is a good electrical conductor.
• Glass is a good electrical insulator.
• The term used to describe opposition to current
  flow in ordinary conductors such as wires is
  Resistance.

7
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

• Conductors and insulators
• Conductors
• Gold
• Silver
• Copper
• Aluminum
• Insulators
• Air
• Rubber
• Plastic
• Ceramic

8
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

• Two types of electricity
• Direct Current - flows in 1 direction
• Battery
• 1.5 to 2.5 volts per cell
• Car battery nominal 12 volts
• Measured strictly by amplitude
• Alternating Current - alternates direction
• Household
• Measured by
• Average Amplitude
• Frequency (cycles per second)(Hertz)

9
Alternating Direct Current
V
DC
0V
AC
V-
time
10
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A

• Electrical components
• An automobile battery usually supplies about 12
  volts DC.
• An Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the
  flow of current in an electrical circuit.
• A Voltmeter is an instrument used to measure
  Electromotive Force (EMF)
• between two points such as the poles of a battery.

11
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A
Ammeter
Power Supply
Transceiver
12
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A
Ohmmeter
13
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4A
Voltmeter
Power Supply
Transceiver
14
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4B

• Relationship between frequency and wavelength
• Wavelength is the term used for the distance a
  radio wave travels during one complete cycle.
• The term Frequency describes the number of times
  that an alternating current flows back and forth
  per second.
• Sixty (60) hertz (Hz) means 60 cycles per second.

15
The Relationship of Frequency and Wavelength

• The distance a radio wave travels in
• one cycle is called wavelength.

V
One Cycle
0V
time
V-
One Wavelength
16
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4B

• Relationship between frequency and wavelength
• The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency
  increases.
• Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by
  frequency in megahertz.
• A radio wave travels through space at the speed
  of light.

17
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4B

• Identification of bands
• The property of a radio wave often used to
  identify the different bands amateur radio
  operators use is the physical length of the wave.
• The frequency range of the 2-meter band in the
  United States is 144 to 148 MHz.
• The frequency range of the 6-meter band in the
  United States is 50 to 54 MHz.
• The frequency range of the 70-centimeter band in
  the United States is 420 to 450 MHz.

18
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4B

• Names of frequency ranges, types of waves
• Voice frequencies are sound waves in the range
  between 300 and 3000 Hertz.
• Electromagnetic waves that oscillate more than
  20,000 times per second as they travel through
  space are generally referred to as Radio waves.

19
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4C

• How radio works receivers, transmitters,
  transceivers, amplifiers, power supplies, types
  of batteries, service life

A Receiver is used to convert radio signals into
sounds we can hear. A Transmitter is used to
convert sounds from our voice into radio
signals. A Receiver and Transmitter are two
devices combined into one unit in a transceiver.
20
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4C

• How radio works receivers, transmitters,
  transceivers, amplifiers, power supplies, types
  of batteries, service life (cont)

A Power Supply is the device used to convert the
alternating current from a wall outlet into
low-voltage direct current. An Amplifier is a
device used to increase the output of a 10 watt
radio to 100 watts.
21
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4C

• How radio works receivers, transmitters,
  transceivers, amplifiers, power supplies, types
  of batteries, service life (cont)

A Lithium-ion battery offers the longest life
when used with a hand-held radio, when comparing
battery types of the same physical size. The
nominal voltage per cell of a fully charged
nickel-cadmium battery is 1.2 volts. A
Carbon-zinc battery is not designed to be
re-charged.
22
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4C

• How radio works receivers, transmitters,
  transceivers, amplifiers, power supplies, types
  of batteries, service life (cont)
• In order to keep rechargeable batteries in good
  condition and ready for emergencies
• They must be inspected for physical damage and
  replaced if necessary
• They should be stored in a cool and dry location
• They must be given a maintenance recharge at
  least every 6 months
• All of these answers are correct
• The best way to get the most amount of energy
  from a battery is to draw current from the
  battery at the slowest rate needed.

23
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4D

• Ohms law relationships
• The formula, Voltage (E) equals current (I)
  multiplied by resistance (R).
  E IR
• The formula, Current (I) equals voltage (E)
  divided by resistance (R).
  I E/R
• The formula, Resistance (R) equals voltage (E)
  divided by current (I).
  R E/I

24
Meter Excercise
What circuit quantity would meter A indicate?
R
Battery voltage
What circuit quantity would meter B indicate?
The current flowing through the resistor
25
Ohms Law
Electromotive Force, VOLTS
The flow of Electrons, AMPERES
Resistance to current flow, OHMS
26
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4D

• Ohms law relationships (cont)
• If I3 amperes and E90 volts.
• R E/I R 90/3 30
• If E12 volts and I1.5 amperes.
• R E/I R 12/1.5 8
• If E120 volts and R80 ohms.
• I E/R I 120/80 1.5

27
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4D

• Ohms law relationships (cont)
• If a current of 0.5 amperes flows through a 2 ohm
  resistor.
• EIR E 0.5 2 1 volt
• If a current of 1 ampere flows through a 10 ohm
  resistor.
• EIR E 1 10 10 volts
• If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 10 ohm
  resistor.
• EIR E 2 10 20 volts
• Current through a 100 ohm resistor across 200
  volts.
• IE/R I 200/100 2 amperes
• Current through a 24 ohm resistor across 240
  volts.
• IE/R I 240/24 10 amperes

28
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4D

• Ohms law relationships (cont)
• If a current of 0.5 amperes flows through a 2 ohm
  resistor.
• EIR E 0.5 2 1 volt
• If a current of 1 ampere flows through a 10 ohm
  resistor.
• EIR E 1 10 10 volts
• If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 10 ohm
  resistor.
• EIR E 2 10 20 volts
• Current through a 100 ohm resistor across 200
  volts.
• IE/R I 200/100 2 amperes
• Current through a 24 ohm resistor across 240
  volts.
• IE/R I 240/24 10 amperes

29
Power
Power is measured in Watts
P E x I
Ohms law states E I x R
So, for this circuit, the power consumed in the
resistor can be calculated by multiplying the
value of the resistor times the square of the
reading of Meter B.
30
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4E

• Power calculations
• The unit used to describe electrical power is the
  Watt.
• The formula Power (P) equals voltage (E)
  multiplied by current (I).
  
  P I E

31
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4E

• Power calculations (cont)
• How much power is represented by a voltage of
  13.8 volts DC and a current of 10 amperes.
• P I E P 10 13.8 138 watts
• How much power is being used in a circuit when
  the voltage is 120 volts DC and the current is
  2.5 amperes.
• P I E P 2.5 120 300 watts

32
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4E

• Power calculations (cont)
• You can you determine how many watts are being
  drawn consumed by your transceiver when you are
  transmitting by measuring the DC voltage at the
  transceiver and multiplying by the current drawn
  when you transmit.
• How many amperes is flowing in a circuit when the
  applied voltage is 120 volts DC and the load is
  1200 watts.
• I P/E I 1200/120 10 amperes.

33
Ohms law formulas

34
Metric Prefixes

• Metric Exponent English
• Tera 1012 Trillion
• Giga 109 Billion
• Mega 106 Million
• Kilo 103 Thousand
• Centi 10-2 Hundredth
• Milli 10-3 Thousandth
• Micro 10-6 Millionth
• Nano 10-9 Billionth
• Pico 10-12 Trillionth

35
Radio and electronic fundamentals T4

• Units, kilo, mega, milli, micro
• One thousand volts is equal to one kilovolt.
• Another way to specify the frequency of a radio
  signal that is oscillating at 1,500,000 Hertz is
  1500 kHz
• or 1.5 megahertz
• 1500 milliamperes is the same as 1.5 amperes.
• A hand-held transceiver that has an output power
  of 500 milliwatts can otherwise be said to output
  0.5 watts.
• One one-millionth of a volt is equal to one
  microvolt.

36
Take aways

• Unit of current amperes
• Electron flow is current
• Current flowing in one direction is DC
• Unit of power Watt
• Unit of frequency Hertz
• Unit of resistance Ohm
• Current that reverses direction is AC

37
Take aways (cont)

• Copper is a good conductor
• Glass is a good insulator
• Opposition to current flow . Resistance
• Conductorsgold, silver, copper, aluminum
• Insulatorsair, rubber, plastic, ceramic

38
Take aways (cont)

• Car battery 12 volts DC
• DC measured by amplitude
• AC measured by Average Amplitude
• Ammeter measures current
• Volt meter measures voltage
• Sixty hertz means 60 cycles per second

39
Take aways (cont)

• Frequency describes number of times AC flows back
  and forth per second
• Wavelength is distance a radio wave travels
  during one complete cycle
• Frequency increases as wavelength gets shorter
• Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by
  frequency in MHz
• Radio waves travel at speed of light

40
Take aways (cont)

• Bands identified by physical length (or
  wavelength)
• 2-meter band 144 to 148 MHz
• 6-meter band 50 to 54 MHz
• 70-centimeter band 420 to 450 MHz
• Sound waves 300 to 3000 Hertz
• Radio waves are Electromagnetic and are 20,000
  cycles per second and higher

41
Take aways (cont)

• Receiver converts radio signals to audio
• Transmitter converts sound into radio waves
• Transceiver is two devices in one, receiver and
  transmitter
• Power supply converts AC to DC.
• Amplifier increases power output
• Lithium-ion battery offers longest life in HTs
• Ni-Cad per cell voltage is 1.2 volts
• Carbon-zinc battery cannot be re-charged

42
Take aways (cont)

• Keep re-chargeable batteries in good condition
  for emergencies
• Inspect for damage
• Store in cool and dry location
• Given maintenance recharge every 6 months
• All of these answers are correct
• Slowest rate of current drain gives most amount
  of energy

43
Take aways (cont)

• Ohms Law
• Power calculations

44
Take aways (cont)

• One kilovolt is one thousand volts
• 1500 KHz is 1,500,000 Hertz
• 1.5 amps is 1500 milliamperes
• 500 milliwatts is 0.5 watts
• One microvolt is one one-millionth of a volt

45
Element 2 Technician Class Question PoolT4
Valid July 1, 2006 Through June 30, 2010
46
T4A01 Electrical current is measured in
which of the following units?

• Volts
• Watts
• Ohms
• Amperes

47
T4A02 Electrical Power is measured in which
of the following units?

• Volts
• Watts
• Ohms
• Amperes

48
T4A03 What is the name for the flow of
electrons in an electric circuit?

• Voltage
• Resistance
• Capacitance
• Current

49
T4A04 What is the name of a current that
flows only in one direction?

• An alternating current
• A direct current
• A normal current
• A smooth current

50
T4A05 What is the standard unit of
frequency?

• The megacycle
• The Hertz
• One thousand cycles per second
• The electromagnetic force

51
T4A06 How much voltage does an automobile
battery usually supply?

• About 12 volts
• About 30 volts
• About 120 volts
• About 240 volts

52
T4A07 What is the basic unit of resistance?

• The volt
• The watt
• The ampere
• The ohm

53
T4A08 What is the name of a current that
reverses direction on a regular basis?

• An alternating current
• A direct current
• A circular current
• A vertical current

54
T4A09 Which of the following is a good
electrical conductor?

• Glass
• Wood
• Copper
• Rubber

55
T4A10 Which of the following is a good
electrical insulator?

• Copper
• Glass
• Aluminum
• Mercury

56
T4A11 What is the term used to describe
opposition to current flow in ordinary
conductors such as wires?

• Inductance
• Resistance
• Counter EMF
• Magnetism

57
T4A12 What instrument is used to measure the
flow of current in an electrical circuit?

• Frequency meter
• SWR meter
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter

58
T4A13 What instrument is used to measure
Electromotive Force (EMF) between two points
such as the poles of a battery?

• Magnetometer
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Ohmmeter

59
T4B01 What is the name for the distance a radio
wave travels during one complete cycle?

• Wave speed
• Waveform
• Wavelength
• Wave spread

60
T4B02 What term describes the number of times
that an alternating current flows back and
forth per second?

• Pulse rate
• Speed
• Wavelength
• Frequency

61
T4B03 What does 60 hertz (Hz) mean?

• 6000 cycles per second
• 60 cycles per second
• 6000 meters per second
• 60 meters per second

62
T4B04 Electromagnetic waves that oscillate more
than 20,000 times per second as they
travel through space are generally
referred to as what?

• Gravity waves
• Sound waves
• Radio waves
• Gamma radiation

63
T4B05 How fast does a radio wave travel
through space?

• At the speed of light
• At the speed of sound
• Its speed is inversely proportional to its
  wavelength
• Its speed increases as the frequency increases

64
T4B06 How does the wavelength of a radio wave
relate to its frequency?

• The wavelength gets longer as the frequency
  increases
• The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency
  increases
• There is no relationship between wavelength and
  frequency
• The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the
  signal

65
T4B07 What is the formula for converting
frequency to wavelength in meters?

• Wavelength in meters equals frequency in Hertz
  multiplied by 300
• Wavelength in meters equals frequency in Hertz
  divided by 300
• Wavelength in meters equals frequency in
  megahertz divided by 300
• Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by
  frequency in megahertz

66
T4B08 What are sound waves in the range
between 300 and 3000 Hertz called?

• Test signals
• Ultrasonic waves
• Voice frequencies
• Radio frequencies

67
T4B09 What property of a radio wave is often
used to identify the different bands
amateur radio operators use?

• The physical length of the wave
• The magnetic intensity of the wave
• The time it takes for the wave to travel one mile
• The voltage standing wave ratio of the wave

68
T4B10 What is the frequency range of the 2
meter band in the United States?

• 144 to 148 MHz
• 222 to 225 MHz
• 420 to 450 MHz
• 50 to 54 MHz

69
T4B11 What is the frequency range of the 6
meter band in the United States?

• 144 to 148 MHz
• 222 to 225 MHz
• 420 to 450 MHz
• 50 to 54 MHz

70
T4B12 What is the frequency range of the 70
centimeter band in the United States?

• 144 to 148 MHz
• 222 to 225 MHz
• 420 to 450 MHz
• 50 to 54 MHz

71
T4C01 What is used to convert radio signals
into sounds we can hear?

• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Microphone
• Antenna

72
T4C02 What is used to convert sounds from
our voice into radio signals?

• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Speaker
• Antenna

73
T4C03 What two devices are combined into one
unit in a transceiver?

• Receiver, transmitter
• Receiver, transformer
• Receiver, transistor
• Transmitter, deceiver

74
T4C04 What device is used to convert the
alternating current from a wall outlet into
low-voltage direct current?

• Inverter
• Compressor
• Power Supply
• Demodulator

75
T4C05 What device is used to increase the
output of a 10 watt radio to 100 watts?

• Amplifier
• Power supply
• Antenna
• Attenuator

76
T4C06 Which of the battery types listed below
offers the longest life when used with a
hand-held radio, assuming each battery is the
same physical size?

• Lead-acid
• Alkaline
• Nickel-cadmium
• Lithium-ion

77
T4C07 What is the nominal voltage per cell of
a fully charged nickel-cadmium battery?

• 1.0 volts
• 1.2 volts
• 1.5 volts
• 2.2 volts

78
T4C08 What battery type on this list is not
designed to be re-charged?

• Nickel-cadmium
• Carbon-zinc
• Lead-acid
• Lithium-ion

79
T4C09 What is required to keep rechargeable
batteries in good condition and ready for
emergencies?

• They must be inspected for physical damage and
  replaced if necessary
• They should be stored in a cool and dry location
• They must be given a maintenance recharge at
  least every 6 months
• All of these answers are correct

80
T4C10 What is the best way to get the most
amount of energy from a battery?

• Draw current from the battery as rapidly as
  possible
• Draw current from the battery at the slowest rate
  needed
• Reverse the leads when the battery reaches the
  1/2 charge level
• Charge the battery as frequently as possible

81
T4D01 What formula is used to calculate
current in a circuit?

• Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by
  resistance (R)
• Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by
  resistance (R)
• Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to
  resistance (R)
• Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance
  (R)

82
T4D02 What formula is used to calculate
voltage in a circuit?

• Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by
  resistance (R)
• Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided by
  resistance (R)
• Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to
  resistance (R)
• Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus resistance
  (R)

83
T4D03 What formula is used to calculate
resistance in a circuit?

• Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) multiplied by
  current (I)
• Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by
  current (I)
• Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added to
  current (I)
• Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus current
  (I)

84
T4D04 What is the resistance of a circuit when
a current of 3 amperes flows through a
resistor connected to 90 volts?

• 3 ohms
• 30 ohms
• 93 ohms
• 270 ohms

85
T4D05 What is the resistance in a circuit
where the applied voltage is 12 volts and
the current flow is 1.5 amperes?

• 18 ohms
• 0.125 ohms
• 8 ohms
• 13.5 ohms

86
T4D06 What is the current flow in a circuit
with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a
resistance of 80 ohms?

• 9600 amperes
• 200 amperes
• 0.667 amperes
• 1.5 amperes

87
T4D07 What is the voltage across the resistor
if a current of 0.5 amperes flows through a
2 ohm resistor?

• 1 volt
• 0.25 volts
• 2.5 volts
• 1.5 volts

88
T4D08 What is the voltage across the resistor
if a current of 1 ampere flows through a 10
ohm resistor?

• 10 volts
• 1 volt
• 11 volts
• 9 volts

89
T4D09 What is the voltage across the resistor
if a current of 2 amperes flows through a
10 ohm resistor?

• 20 volts
• 0.2 volts
• 12 volts
• 8 volts

90
T4D10 What is the current flowing through a 100
ohm resistor connected across 200 volts?

• 20,000 amperes
• 0.5 amperes
• 2 amperes
• 100 amperes

91
T4D11 What is the current flowing through a 24
ohm resistor connected across 240 volts?

• 24,000 amperes
• 0.1 amperes
• 10 amperes
• 216 amperes

92
T4E01 What unit is used to describe
electrical power?

• Ohm
• Farad
• Volt
• Watt

93
T4E02 What is the formula used to calculate
electrical power?

• Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by
  current (I)
• Power (P) equals voltage (E) divided by current
  (I)
• Power (P) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)
• Power (P) equals voltage (E) plus current (I)

94
T4E03 How much power is represented by a
voltage of 13.8 volts and a current of 10
amperes?

• 138 watts
• 0.7 watts
• 23.8 watts
• 3.8 watts

95
T4E04 How much power is being used in a
circuit when the voltage is 120 volts and
the current is 2.5 amperes?

• 1440 watts
• 300 watts
• 48 watts
• 30 watts

96
T4E05 How can you determine how many watts
are being drawn by your transceiver when you
are transmitting?

• Measure the DC voltage and divide it by 60 Hz
• Check the fuse in the power leads to see what
  size it is
• Look in the Radio Amateur's Handbook
• Measure the DC voltage at the transceiver and
  multiply by the current drawn when you transmit

97
T4E06 How many amperes are flowing in a
circuit when the applied voltage is 120V
and the load is 1200 watts?

• 20 amperes
• 10 amperes
• 120 amperes
• 5 amperes

98
T4E07 How many milliamperes is the same as
1.5 amperes?

• 15 milliamperes
• 150 milliamperes
• 1500 milliamperes
• 15000 milliamperes

99
T4E08 What is another way to specify the
frequency of a radio signal that is
oscillating at 1,500,000 Hertz?

• 1500 kHz
• 1500 MHz
• 15 GHz
• 150 kHz

100
T4E09 How many volts are equal to one
kilovolt?

• one one-thousandth of a volt
• one hundred volts
• one thousand volts
• one million volts

101
T4E10 How many volts are equal to one
microvolt?

• one one-millionth of a volt
• one million volts
• one thousand kilovolts
• one one-thousandth of a volt

102
T4E11 How many watts does a hand-held
transceiver put out if the output power is
500 milliwatts?

• 0.02 watts
• 0.5 watts
• 5 watts
• 50 watts