Politieke economie van het handelsbeleid

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Politieke economie van het handelsbeleid
Politici
Belastingbetalers/consumenten
Sector
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Prisoners dilemma in internationale handel
EU
VS
vrijhandel
protectie
10
20
vrijhandel
10
-10
-10
-5
protectie
-5
20
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GATT/WTO

• gt WO2
• samenhang met IMF en Wereldbank
• reactie op jaren 30
• GATT als surrogaat voor ITO
• WTO sinds 1995

4
World Trade Organization

• deals with the rules of trade between nations
• forum for trade negotiations
• dispute settlement

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Principles

• non-discrimination
• free trade
• predictable trade
• competitive trade
• trade beneficial to ldcs

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Non-discrimination

• most-favoured nation principle, applies to
• GATT
• GATS
• TRIPS
• exceptions
• free trade agreements

7
National treatment

• treating foreigners and locals equally
• applies to
• GATT
• GATS
• TRIPS

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Freer trade

• lowering barriers to trade
• includes tariffs as well as non-tariff barriers
• is done through rounds of trade negotiations

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Predictability

• by binding
• ceilings on tariffs
• can only be changed after negotiations, not
  unilaterally
• by transparency
• tariffs rather than other trade barriers
• disclosing policies through Trade policy
  reviews
• announcement of changes in policy

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Promotion of development

• special assistance to ldcs
• exemptions from provisions
• extra flexibility for implementing WTO agreements

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Uitzonderingen op MFN

• grenshandel kan
• regionale overeenkomsten
• voorwaarden!
• moet gemeld aan WTO
• buitentarief moet lager zijn dan gemiddelde van
  de vroegere individuele buitentarieven

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Geschillenregeling stadia

• consultatie
• installatie panel
• rapport
• beroep
• aanvaarding eindrapport
• uitvoering

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Dispute settlement case study

• september 1994 VS beperken invoer van benzine
  (strengere voor waarden dan voor eigen benzine)
• 23/1/95 Venezuela wendt zich tot DSB
• 24/2/95 consultaties mislukken
• 25/3/95 Venez. vraagt panel
• 10/4/95 DSB beslist tot panel

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• 28/4/95 panel wordt samengesteld
• 11/12/95 interim rapport
• 29/1/96 eindrapport, VS in ongelijk
• 21/2/96 beroep VS
• 29/4/96 rapport appellate body
• 20/5/96 DSB neemt rapport aan van panel en van
  appellate body
• 3/12/96 VS en Venezuel a komen overeen wat VS
  moeten doen

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Trade negotiation rounds

• Geneva, 1947, 23 countries
• Annecy, 1949, 13 countries
• Torquay, 1950-51, 38 countries
• Geneva, 1955-56, 26 countries
• Dillon Round, 1960-62, 26 countries
• All these rounds only
• covered tariffs

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• Kennedy Round
• 1964-67
• 62 countries
• tariffs
• anti-dumping
• Tokyo Round
• 1973-79
• 102 countries
• tariffs
• non-tariff barriers
• framework agreements

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Uruguay Round

• 1986-94
• 123 countries
• subjects covered
• tariffs
• services
• agriculture
• intellectual property
• textiles
• creation of WTO
• dispute settlement
• .

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Nieuwe ronde

• Singapore 1996 voorbereiding
• Seattle 1999 valse start onder druk van
  antiglobalisten
• Doha 2001 start nieuwe ronde met Doha
  Development Agenda (onderontwikkeling centraal)
• Cancun 2003 mislukking interministeriële
  conferentie
• Juli 2004 deblokkering in Genève

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Agenda Millenniumronde

• Implementatie resultaten Uruguay-ronde
• Landbouw
• Diensten
• Markttoegang niet-landbouwproducten
• Singapore issues
• TRIPS
• Handel en concurrentiepolitiek
• Overheidsaankopen
• Handelsfacilitering

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Enkele topics landbouw

• Wereldmarkt als residumarkt
• Afbouw subsidiëring
• VS (met Cairnsgroep) tegenover EU (met Japan)
• Issues
• Exportsubsidies
• Interne subsidies
• Markttoegang/tarieven
• Katoeninitiatief

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Enkele topics diensten

• Ol versus mol
• GATS

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The GATS covers services supplied

• from the territory of one Member into the
  territory of any other Member.
• in the territory of one Member to the service
  consumer of any other Member.
• by a service supplier of one Member, through
  commercial presence, in the territory of any
  other Member.
• by a service supplier of one Member, through the
  presence of natural persons of a Member in the
  territory of any other Member.

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Markttoegang

• cf GATT
• Market access
• national treatment
• GATS
• Idem, hoewel
• on a sector-by-sector basis
• only to extent that no limitations have been
  scheduled

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Manier van werken

• Members are free to designate the sectors, and
  list them in their schedules of commitments, in
  which they assume such obligations with regard to
  the four modes of supply. Moreover, limitations
  may be attached to commitments in order to
  reserve the right to operate measures
  inconsistent with full market access and/or
  national treatment.