Joseph Haydn:

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CHAPTER 45

• Joseph Haydn
• Instrumental Music

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• Born into humble circumstances in Rohrau,
  Austria, Joseph Haydn had a long career that
  spanned from the late Baroque to the early
  Romantic periods. He first studied the rudiments
  of composition as a choirboy at St. Stephen's
  Cathedral in Vienna. In 1761 he was engaged as
  director of music at the Esterházy court.

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• During his stay at the Esterházy court, Haydn
  composed primarily instrumental music
  symphonies, string quartets, concertos, and
  keyboard sonatas.
• Esterházy family the richest and most
  influential among the German-speaking aristocrats
  of Hungary, with vast estates southeast of
  Vienna.
• Baryton a viola da gamba-like instrument with
  six strings. Haydn wrote 126 trios for the
  baryton, the instrument played by his patron
  Nikolaus Esterházy.

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• In the 1770s, Haydn increasingly turned his
  attention to opera, performed in the opera house
  of the Estherázy's new massive court complex
  called Esterháza.

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Symphonies

• Haydn wrote 108 symphonies. While his first
  symphonies were in three movements, by the time
  he arrived at the Esterházy court his norm became
  a four-movement format fast/slow/minuet and
  trio/fast.
• Minuet a triple-meter dance in rounded-binary
  form, usually coupled with a trio.
• Trio a rounded-binary movement, originally
  scored for three instruments.

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• Concertante a concerto-like approach in which
  individual instruments regularly emerge from the
  orchestral texture to function as soloists.
  Haydn makes extensive use of concertante in his
  symphonies Nos. 6-8.

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• "Farewell" Symphony Haydn's symphony No. 45, one
  of several later symphonies informed by
  extra-musical phenomena. The title "Farewell"
  derives from the anecdote according to which
  musicians were instructed to leave the stage, one
  by one, bidding farewell to prince Nikolaus.
• Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress") at first a
  literary phenomenon, it suggests a mode of
  expression that sought to frighten, stun, and
  overcome with emotions. In musical terms, it
  indicates a group of compositions written around
  1770 characterized by minor keys, angular themes,
  syncopation, string tremolos, sudden dynamic
  shifts, and violin lines racing up and down the
  scale.

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String Quartets

• If Haydn was a principal figure in the
  development of the symphony, he was indispensable
  for the string quartet, which he invented
  single-handedly. His set of six quartets Opus 20
  (c1772) was a landmark for the genre, featuring
• an approximately equal-voiced texture, instead of
  the bottom-heavy Baroque trio texture
• a more serious and learned tone and a
  four-movement structure, instead of the lighter
  five-movement divertimento of the 1750s
• Scherzo it replaces the movement entitled
  "minuet" for the first time in Haydn's set of six
  string quartets Opus 33. It is called "scherzo"
  ("joke") for its playful tone, as Haydn often
  placed the downbeat of the dance out of sync with
  the minuet's triple meter.

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"Bird" Quartet Haydn's quartet Opus 33, No. 3

• Its nickname refers to the bird-like chirping and
  pecking of the strings.

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• The Emperor's Hymn Haydn's melody for the text
  God Preserve Emperor Franz, in honor of Emperor
  Franz II, written in response to Napoleon's
  invasion of the Austrian Empire.
• "Emperor" Quartet Haydn's quartet Opus 76, No.
  3. It derives its name from The Emperor's Hymn,
  which served as the basis of the
  theme-and-variations set in the second movement.

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Keyboard Sonatas

• Haydn wrote more than sixty keyboard sonatas. A
  characteristic feature of his keyboard
  compositions are highly variegated rhythms.

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Concertos

• Among Haydn's more than thirty concertos for
  various instruments, the best known today are the
  Cello Concerto in D Major and the Trumpet
  Concerto in Eb Major. The latter was the first
  concerto written for the keyed trumpet, a
  forerunner of the modern valve trumpetunlike the
  earlier natural trumpet, the keyed trumpet could
  play all the notes of the scale rather than only
  those of the harmonic series.