Life Science

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Life Science

• Review for the OGT

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Cells

• Smallest Unit of living things
• Cells only come from cells
• All living things are made of cells.

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Types of Cell Division

• Mitosis Duplication of a cell and all its parts.
  Two daughter cells from one parent. (asexual
  reproduction)
• Meiosis The process that shuffles genes around.
  The number of chromosomes is ½ of the original
  parent cell. (sexual reproduction)

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• Cells contain
• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur

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Pictures of Cell Types
All cells fall into one of the two major
classifications of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes were here first and for billions of
years were the only form of life. Eukaryotes are
more organized and appeared later. There are some
of both on Earth today.
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Two Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic
• They have NO nucleus
• Examples are
• Bacteria
• Rod
• Spiral
• round

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Two types of cells

• Eukaryotic
• Have a nucleus
• Have membrane bound organelles
• Examples
• Animal
• Plant
• Fungi
• Protista

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Cell Organelles

• Only eukaryotic cells have these
• a. nucleus directs all cell functions
• b. nucleolus makes ribosomes
• c. cell wall found only in plant cells, hold
  cell together
• d. ribosomes make proteins following DNA
  directions
• e. cytoplasm clear gel inside the cell
• f. endoplasmic reticulum site of cellular
  chemical reactions
• h. Golgi apparatus sorts and holds proteins
  until needed
• i. vacuoles temporary storage of materials
• j. lysosomes contain digestive enzymes
• k. mitochondria transform energy for the cell
• l. chloroplasts capture light energy and
  convert to chemical
• m. centrioles help with cell division
• n. cilia and/or flagella help cell move, if
  there at all

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Viruses are NOT Cells
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Organization of Life

• Cells
• Tissues
• Organ
• Organ System
• Individual
• Population
• Community
• Biome
• Biosphere

Ecology-is a biological study that concentrates
on the relationships between organisms and their
environment.
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Ecology

• The study of interactions between organisms and
  their environment.

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Tracing Inherited Traits

• Punnett squares are often used.
• Pedigrees can also be used.

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Biomes

• A biome is a distinct ecological community of
  plants and animals living together in a
  particular climate.

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Arctic Tundra

• Mostly Dry
• Small wet season
• No shrubs or trees
• VERY cold
• permafrost

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Deciduous Forest

• Moisture evenly distributed throughout year,
• Warm summers
• Cold winters
• Leaves fall off trees

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Temperate Grassland

• Wet season
• Dry season
• Moderate temperatures

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Coniferous ForestTaiga

• Moisture that varies throughout the year
• Cold winters
• Pine tress dominate
• Cool summers

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Desert

• Great daily temperatures
• Little moisture
• Localized

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Tropical Rainforest

• Long wet season
• Short dry season
• HOT
• Lots of different organisms

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Aquatic Biome

• Many different organisms

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Climatogram

• Graph used to depict climate

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Factors that affect Environments

• Biotic Factors - All the living
• organisms that inhabit the
• environment.
• 2. Examples -

• Tiger, birds, mice, plants

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Factors that affect Environments

• b. The nonliving environment
• 1. Abiotic Factors - nonliving
  parts
• of the environment.
• 2. Examples

light, air currents, temperature, Moisture
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Community Trophic Levels

• Feeding Relationships
• Producers--Plants at bottom of food web.
• Primary Consumers--Herbivores that eat the
  plants.
• Secondary Consumers--Predators that eat the
  herbivores.
• Tertiary Consumers--feed on the secondary
  consumers.

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Draw a food Web

• Mice
• Hawks
• Grass
• Snakes
• Sun
• Include 2 more organisms of your choosing

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Some examples of biotechnology are
• a. imaging (X-rays, scans, etc)
• b. genetic engineering
• c. genome projects
• d. newer and better microscopes
• e. stem cell research
• f. cloning
• g. genetically modified foods