Introduction to linguistics

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Introduction to linguistics

• Phonetics and phonology

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FORMphonetics and phonology

• physical and abstract
• in utterance
• abstract language is made manifest through
  physical channels, physical medium
• speech soundsphonemes
• charactersgraphemes

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Physical abstract

• physical
• reality in its rich diversity
• speech sounds
• characters
• abstract
• psychological model that helps to interpret the
  reality
• phonemes
• graphemes

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Abstract

• when we listen or read
• we do not process every physical feature of the
  utterance
• we focus on what is significant
• we filter out all kinds of phonetic differences
  and
• perceive not the sounds as such but
• phonemes

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Description

• physical phonetics
• description of articulation of sounds
• abstract phonology
• description of the conditions of occurrence
  (distribution) of sounds in relation to each other

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phonemes

• sounds with linguistically significant phonetic
  features
• sounds belonging to classes of contrastive
  elements
• classification of phonemes
• phonetic articulation linguistically
  significant features only
• phonological occurrence in larger units
  (syllables)

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other terms

• phones
• a speech sound considered as a physical event
  without regard to how it fits into the structure
  of a language
• any sound is a phone
• allophones
• sounds that are positional (distributional)
  variants of phonemes
• Polish i/y are allophones of the phoneme i
• English aspirated and unaspirated /p/ are
  allophones of the phoneme /p/

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physical abstract

• phone phoneme
• phonetic phonemic
• -etic emic
• morph morpheme

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physical abstract

• phonological
• occurrence in larger units
• syllables
• words

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Description of sounds

• vowel
• consonants

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vowel

• phonetic
• one of a class of speech sounds in the
  articulation of which the oral part of the breath
  channel is not blocked and is not constricted
  enough to cause audible friction. passage. The
  timbre of a vowel is chiefly determined by the
  position of the tongue and the lips.
• phonological
• the one most prominent sound in a syllable.
• the centre of the syllable

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consonant

• phonetic
• one of a class of speech sounds characterized by
  constriction or closure at one or more points in
  the breath channel.
• phonological
• not the most prominent sound in a syllable
• at the boundary of the syllable

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dipthongs
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dipthongs

• beat
• bit
• bait
• bet
• boat
• bout
• bite
• void

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consonants English
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consonants Polish
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transcription

• phonetic
• phonemic
• narrow
• broad
• based on a theory of phonology
• English quantity/quality
• ? ? ? ??
• ?

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the syllable

• the syllable
• organization of phonemes (speech sounds) into
  larger segments
• theoretical ?
• vowel
• sound segment central in a a syllable,
  constituting it
• consonant sound segment peripheral in a syllable

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structure of the syllable

• V
• CV
• VC
• CVC
• allowed sequences (restrictions)
• no kn in English word-initially
• yes word-finally bacon
• yes at syllable boundaries likeness

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suprasegmental phonetics/phonology

• above the segment
• segment phone/phoneme
• stress
• word stress
• prominence given to one syllable in a
  multi-syllable word
• by force, pitch/tone, length
• fixed and free
• Polish French Russian
• English?
• Czech?

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word stress in English

• There are patterns
• monotone diplomat
• monotony diplomacy
• monotonic diplomatic
• and tendencies
• warrior, doctor, make-up
• defer, conclude, to make up
• part of speech?

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word-stress

• a feature of a word
• it may be a feature linguistically relevant
• distinguishing forms
• almost so in English
• record N export import
• record V export import
• other words like this??
• Russian

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word stress in English

• love
• loving
• lovingly
• lovingliness

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Polish

• kochanek
• kochaneczek kochaneczeniek arcykochaneczek
• matematyka
• fizyka muzyka
• poszedlbym poszlabym
• poszedlbym poszlabym
• poszedl/poszla bym

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tendencies

• distinguishing forms
• almost so in English
• record N export import
• record V export import
• 'extract - ex'tract ,
• 'console - con'sole ,
• 'contrast - con'trast
• stress distinguishes part of speech
• BUT the words are not identical in pronunciation!

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sentence/utterance stress

• prominence given to some syllables in an
  utterance
• overrides word stress
• in English
• rhythmic units based on stressed syllables
• psycholinguistics
• The psycholinguistics course was fun.
• When we came in, we had dinner.
• When we came in, we had a family dinner.
• When we came in, we had a big family dinner.

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sentence/utterance stress

• prominence given to some syllables in an
  utterance
• overrides word stress
• Sue's fif'teen BUT 'fifteen men
• in isolation
• indePENdent
• twenty-SEven
• LEgislator
• MissisSIppi

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stress

• in a phrase
• TWEnty-seven MISsissippi LEgislators

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intonation

• Informal
• Your intonation is the way that your voice rises
  and falls as you speak.
• more formal
• the sound pattern of phrases and sentences
  produced by pitch variation in the voice
• stress and pitch combined

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intonation

• the manner of singing, playing, or uttering tones
  
• spoke with a foreign intonation
• played the piece with a romantic intonation
• pitch phenomena in speech
• especially
• such a phenomenon insofar as it makes a
  syntactical or emotional distinction
• (as between a declarative and interrogative
  statement)

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pitch

• The pitch of a sound is how high or low it is.
• He raised his voice to an even higher pitch
• the auditory property of a note that is
  conditioned by its frequency relative to other
  notes
• high pitch low pitch
• Collins English Dictionary

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pitch

• In some languages pitch is phonemic
• linguistically significant
• Chinese
• to a certain extent Swedish
• in Polish or English
• interpretative
• attitudinal
• somewhat related to grammatic structures

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Intonation

• We know the new mayor.
• We know the new mayor.
• Do you know him?
• What do you know about him?

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Intonation

• Intonation contours
• rising
• falling
• rising-falling
• falling-rising