Geography of Africa

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Geography ofAfrica

• Africa Unit

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The Continent of Africa
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Five Geographic Regions of Africa

• Africa Unit

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North Africa

• Mountain Ranges (Atlas Mountains)
• Sahara desert (worlds largest)

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North Africa
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West Africa

• Grasslands
• Most populated

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West Africa
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East Africa

• Mountainous
• Plateaus
• Grasslands
• Hills

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East Africa
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South Africa

• Namib Kalahari Deserts
• Drakensberg Mountain Range

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South Africa
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Central Africa

• Equator
• Rain forests

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Central Africa
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Countries of Africa

• Africa Unit

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How well do you know the countries of Africa?
Click on the words above to play a review game.
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Desertification

• Desertification The spreading of a desert
  region
• The region of Sahel is most affected by the
  spreading desert.

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Great Rift Valley

• Great Rift Valley 4,000 mile giant fault, or
  break in the earths crust. From Red Sea to
  Zambezi River.
• Evidence has found that the earliest Africans
  first lived in this area.

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Major Rivers

• Nile River worlds longest (4,000 miles)
• Sources White Nile (Uganda) Blue Nile
  (Ethiopian highlands) flows into the
  Mediterranean
• Congo River Central Africa through rain
  forests, 2,720 miles long
• Niger River Africas third longest- 2,600 miles
  long. Begins in West Africa (Guinea)
• Zambezi River Fourth longest 2,200 miles
  Southern Africa contains Victoria Falls flows
  into the Indian Ocean

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Climate and Diversity

• The equator runs nearly through the center of
  Africa
• 80 of the nation is tropical
• Further from equator colder
• Higher Elevation colder

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Geography of Africa Review

• Interactive Map of Africa

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Early Civilizations of Africa

• Africa Unit

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Where Civilization Began

• Olduvai Gorge located on the edge of the Great
  Rift Valley in Tanzania
• Archaeologists Mary and Louis Leakey discovered
  bone over 2 million years old
• This has led some scientists to believe that the
  first people were from Africa

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Bantu Migration

• Today, close to 100 million people across the
  southern half of Africa speak related languages,
  collectively known as Bantu languages.
• Linguistic evidence shows that the root Bantu
  language emerged in what is now Nigeria and
  Cameroon by 2000 BC.
• By 1000 BC, in a series of migrations, Bantu
  speakers had spread south to the lands of Angola
  and east to Lake Victoria. Over the next 1500
  years they scattered throughout central and
  southern Africa, interacting with and absorbing
  indigenous populations as they spread.

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Kingdom of Kush (Nubia)

• Approximately 2000 B.C. 200 A.D.
• Kush and Nubia are the same place
• It developed along the Nile River in present day
  Sudan
• Fought with Egypt over control of the Nile River

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Kingdom of Kush (Nubia)

• Black Africans
• Kush produced many resources like gold, ivory,
  copper, frankincense and ebony.
• Important center of trade
• Kush traded with all civilization along the Nile
  River.
• Cultural Diffusion is a direct result from this.

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These are the pyramid of Ancient Nubia. They were
used as tombs. Although they are similar to those
of Ancient Egypt, they have some differences.
Compare these pyramids with those of ancient
Egypt.
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Nubian Pyramids
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One reason little was known about the culture was
that they did not write down their history until
late in ancient times. Another reason is that
they were isolated geographically. Outside people
would need to cross harsh desert or many
waterfalls, called cataracts, to reach Nubia.
T
I
K
N
W
D
Nubian writing was similar to Egyptian writing
but developed into a completely separate language
later in time.
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Kingdom of Axum

• Black Africans
• Approximately 300 A.D. 900 A.D.
• Important center of trade

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Kingdom of Axum

• Axum and Ethiopia are the same place
• They were a Naval Trading power
• Traded with Kingdoms on the Nile river and East
  Coast of Africa
• Cultural Diffusion is a result of this
• Christianity was the dominate religion

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Axum / Kush Venn Diagram
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The Gold Salt Trade

• Traveling caravans crossed the vast Sahara desert
  to the Middle East
• Travelers looked to profit from the desert
  crossing with large trades
• The savanna lands of West Africa lacked salt,
  which is essential to survival
• In West Africa, salt was more valuable than gold

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Ghana became a rich and powerful nation,
especially when the camel began to be used as a
source of transport. Ghana relied on trade and
trade was made faster and bigger with the use of
the camel.
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Empire of Ghana

• 300A.D. to 1100A.D.
• Ghana developed in West Africa between the Niger
  and the Gambia Rivers.
• The rivers helped Ghana to grow rich because they
  were used to transport goods and develop trade.
• Ghana collected taxes from traders who passed
  through the kingdom.

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Empire of Ghana

• Ghana had few natural resources except gold.
• They were also very good at making things from
  iron. Ghanaian warriors used iron tipped spears
  to subdue their neighbors.

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The Empire of Ghana

• First powerful West African Kingdom
• The emperors power rested in his gold trade
• power to buy goods and weapons
• Each trading caravan that entered or left Ghana
  had to pay a tax

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Islamic Mosque in Ghana
After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to
spread over northern Africa. Followers of this
religion are called Muslims. Muslim warriors came
into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic people
there. This weakened the great civilization of
Ghana. Local warriors then decided to break away
from the power of Ghana and form their own local
kingdoms. This ended many of the trade networks.
This eventually weakened the civilization of
Ancient Ghana.
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Empire of Ghana Falls

• Conflicts from the north began to hurt Ghana
• Group of Berbers called Almoravids attacked
• 1076 they seized the capital of Ghana
• This broke the empire of Ghana into several small
  states

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The Empire of Mali is Born
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The Empire of Mali

• 1200 A.D. 1450 A.D.
• Strongest and most powerful during the rule of
  Mansa Musa.
• Mansa Musa Greatest leader of Mali
• Ruled for 30 years 1307 1337 when he died

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Influence of Islam

• Muslim traders carried religion across West
  Africa
• Mansa Musa adopted a new faith and Mandingos or
  farmers under Ghanas rule also converted
• As a faithful Muslim he made a pilgrimage or hajj
  to Mecca
• He built many mosques in Mali

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In 1324 Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca,
with 60,000 followers and 80 camels carrying more
than 4,000 pounds of gold to be distributed among
the poor.
Perhaps the greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa
(1307-1337). He developed the gold and salt trade
of Mali and his kingdom became very powerful and
rich.
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When Mansa Musa died there were no kings as
powerful as he was to follow. Eventually a group
of people known as Berbers came into the area and
other people came up from the south to form the
kingdom of Songhay.
The Berbers still live in North Africa. This
picture, taken in 1893, shows a Berber group.
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Ghana / Mali Venn Diagram
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Kingdom of Songhay (Songhai)

• 1450A.D. 1600A.D.
• The Golden Age of Africa
• The people of Songhay were farmers and fisherman
  who lived along the Niger River of West Africa.

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Sunni Ali

• By 1464 Sunni Ali, gained power in Gao
• Because of the fall of Mali traders could not
  travel safely
• Sunni Ali was looking to restore order
• Sunni Ali based his military on a cavalry that
  conquered Timbuktu, and the other major cities
  of the Mali.

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Askia Muhammad

• Askia Muhammad (1493-1528)
• Askia Muhammad continued Sunni Ali's imperial
  expansion
• In order to maintain his large empire Muhammad
  further centralized the government.
• At its height, Songhay was larger than all of
  the European states combined.

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Kingdom of Songhai

• Askia Muhammad was also the first to standardize
  weights, measures, and currency, so culture
  throughout the Songhay began to unify.
• Askia Muhammad created an Islamic Songhay
  society.
• The urban centers were dominated by Islam
• The non-urban areas were not Islamic
• The vast majority of the Songhay people, around
  97, followed traditional African religions.

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The Fall of Songhay

• Songhai fell in 1591 to invaders from Morocco
• They were attracted to Malis wealth
• The Morocco soldiers won because they had guns
  and cannons

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Why was this the Golden Age?

• Under the leadership of Askia Mohammed, Timbuktu
  once again became a prosperous commercial city,
  reaching a population of 100,000 people.
• Merchants and traders traveled from Asia, the
  Middle East and Europe to exchange their exotic
  wares for the gold of Songhay.
• Timbuktu gained fame as an intellectual center
  rivaling many others in the Muslim world.
  Students from various parts of the world came to
  Timbuktu's famous University of Sankore to study
  Law and Medicine.
• Medieval Europeans came the Kingdom to study from
  mathematicians, astronomers, physicians, and
  jurists whose intellectual endeavors were said to
  be paid for out of the king's own treasury.

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The Forest Kingdom of Benin

• Arose in a thickly forested area near the equator
• Developed in the delta region of the Niger River
• Ruler set up a centralized government
• Had intersecting streets, workers produced brass,
  wood, ivory, and woven goods
• Best known for their Bronze art

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The Forest Kingdom of Benin(Bronze Art)
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Early African Culture

• Africa Unit

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Family Ties

• Farming and herding societies consisted of
  extended families
• Kinships created strong bonds and a sense of
  community

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Structure of African Society
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Inheritance and Descent
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Status of Women
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Patterns of Government
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Economic Organization

• Most villagers were subsistence farmers They
  produced only enough food for their own needs
  with little or no surplus
• Fallow allowing the land to regenerate
  important minerals needed to grow crops
• Land was community property

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The Age Grade System
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African Religions

• Supreme being had created everything
• Supreme being was a distant figure
• Many are monotheistic
• Oral traditions and myths
• Ancestors could help or harm them
• Every object on earth was filled with a living
  spirit (Animism)

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Animism

• The term animism is derived from the Latin word
  anima meaning breath or soul. The belief of
  animism is probably one of man's oldest beliefs,
  with its origin most likely dating to the
  Paleolithic age. From its earliest beginnings it
  was a belief that a soul or spirit existed in
  every object, even if it was inanimate. In a
  future state this soul or spirit would exist as
  part of an immaterial soul. The spirit,
  therefore, was thought to be universal.

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Diviners and Healers

• Rooted in Tradition
• Their purpose was to explain the cause of
  misfortune
• Experts in herbal medicine
• Today, doctors study the roots and herbs used in
  traditional African healing

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The Slave Trade

• Africa Unit

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How Does The Slave Trade Begin?
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How Does The Slave Trade Begin?
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Triangular Slave Trade
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Triangular Slave Trade
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The Middle Passage
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Triangular Slave Trade
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
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Negros for Sale?

• What is the first thought you had when you read
  this?
• How would a wealthy colonial American have looked
  at this?
• What would an African think when they saw this?

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Why was there a slave trade?
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Ending the Slave Trade
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Why did the slave trade end?
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African Diaspora

• The slave trade sent millions of Africans
  overseas this created a scattering of individuals
• Survivors struggled to hold on to their culture
• African people and their culture of food, music,
  dance, and tradition was spread across a wide
  area.

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• 1787 British set up a colony in West Africa for
  freed slaves (Sierra Leone)
• Later, free blacks from the US formed Liberia, it
  became independent in 1847

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Age of Imperialism

• Africa Unit

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Tribalism in Africa

• Tribalism Pride and loyalty to ones people
  within Africa being based on tribal boundaries

• Historical Significance
• Europeans did not understand or respect
  Tribalism.
• This has resulted in additional conflict being
  created in Africa which has continued to last to
  present day

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Imperialism(Colonialism) (Colonization)

• WHEN A MORE POWERFUL NATION TAKES OVER A WEAKER
  NATION FOR ECONOMIC, STRATEGIC, OR POLITICAL
  REASONS.

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Main Cause of African Imperialism

• Economic Motives
• European factories need raw materials to run.
• (Coal / Iron Ore / Oil / Cotton / Rubber)
• These raw materials are found in Africa.
• Strategic Motives
• Offers port citys between Europe and Asia

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Causes of African Imperialism

• Political Motives
• Prestige The more land you control the more
  powerful you are
• Religious (Spiritual) Motives
• Christians believed that it was their duty to
  spread the ideals of Christianity
• White Mans Burden Duty of the white race to
  bring the superior white culture to non-whites

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• The White Man's Burden
• By Rudyard Kipling
• Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the
  best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To
  serve your captives' need To wait, in heavy
  harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your
  new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half
  child. Take up the White Man's burden-- In
  patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror
  And check the show of pride By open speech and
  simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek
  another's profit And work another's gain. Take up
  the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of
  peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid
  the sickness cease And when your goal is nearest
  (The end for others sought) Watch sloth and
  heathen folly Bring all your hope to nought. Take
  up the White Man's burden-- No iron rule of
  kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of
  common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The
  roads ye shall not tread, Go, make them with your
  living And mark them with your dead. Take up the
  White Man's burden, And reap his old reward.

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Boers (Dutch) vs. British

• The Dutch (Boers) had settled in Cape Town in
  1652
• Early 1800s British won control of the Cape
  colony from the Boers
• The Boers retreated on the Great Trek northward
• The Boers set up two independent republics in the
  1850s
• 1. Orange Free State
• 2. Transvaal

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The Berlin Conference

• Representatives from 14 European countries made
  decisions about dividing Africa
• No African representatives were invited

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The Scramble for Colonies

• Some colonies were taken by force but most were
  voluntarily given up
• Treaties were negotiated with African leaders

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New Patterns of Government
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African Independence

• Africa Unit

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Steps to African Independence
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Steps to African Independence
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Kenya Fights for Independence

• In Kenya, white settlers had moved in and
  displaced African farmers, mostly of the Kikuyu
  tribe.
• Jomo Kenyatta was a spokesman for the Kikuyu and
  led the movement to get Europeans off their land.
• Kenyatta supported nonviolent methods, but others
  turned to guerrilla warfare.
• By 1952, they began to attack European settlers.

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Kenya Fights for Independence

• The British called the guerrillas Mau Mau and
  pictured them as savages.
• The British imprisoned Kenyatta and threw
  thousands of Kikuyu into concentration camps.
• The British went on to bomb the Mau Mau fighters,
  armed only with swords.
• The rebels were crushed, but not the freedom
  movement.
• When the British released Kenyatta in 1963, he
  became the first prime minister of an independent
  Kenya.

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Apartheid in South Africa

• Africa Unit

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Origins of Apartheid

• 1910 Britain granted S. Africa self-rule
• Whites make up 13 of Africas pop.
• 77 are black
• 1948 Nationalist party comes to power
• Supported by white farmers (Boers)
• They set up apartheid rigid separation of races

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The Republic of South Africa

• S. Africans were classified as black, white, and
  coloured (mixed)
• Pass laws were created
• White only busses, beaches, bathrooms,
  restaurants, and schools
• Opposition groups were banned from speaking out
  (ANC)
• Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years for
  opposing racial segregation

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Struggle Against Apartheid

• Archbishop Desmond Tutu strongly opposed
  apartheid, but not through violence (won Nobel
  Peace Prize)
• Freedom marches and boycotts spread across South
  Africa
• During the 1980s economic sanction were imposed
  by the United states and other nations

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Apartheid Ends

• F.W. De Klerk lifts ban on opposition groups
• 1990 Nelson Mandela is released from prison
• His release symbolized hope for the people of
  South Africa
• 1991 Africans were no longer classified by race
• 1992 citizenship is given to blacks
• 1994 Mandela is elected President

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If Everyone CaredNo. 1 on VH1s Top 2001/20/2007