History and Development of Computers

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History and Development of Computers
 

• Digital Media Center

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Topics of this Workshop

• Overview
• Early Computing Machines and Inventors
• Five Generations of Modern Computers
• First Generation
• Second Generation Computers, 1956-1963
• Third Generation Computers, 1964-1971
• Fourth Generation Computers, 1972-Present
• Fifth Generation Computers, Present and Beyond)

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Overview

• Computers and modern society

 
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Early Computing Machines and Inventors

• Abacus early adding and subtraction machine
• Numerical wheel calculator Blaise Pascal
• Mechanical multiplier Gottfried Wilhem von
  Leibniz
• Mechanical calculator Charles Xavier Thomas de
  Colmar
• Tabulating Machine Company, IBM Charles Babbage
• Others

 
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Topics of this Workshop

• Overview
• Early Computing Machines and Inventors
• Five Generations of Modern Computers
• First Generation
• Second Generation Computers, 1956-1963
• Third Generation Computers, 1964-1971
• Fourth Generation Computers, 1972-Present
• Fifth Generation Computers, Present and Beyond)

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Five Generations of Modern ComputersFirst
Generation

• First generation computers were characterized by
  made-to-order operating instructions for the
  specific task for which the computer was to be
  used
• Each computer had a different binary-coded
  program called a machine language that told it
  how to operate
• This made the computer difficult to program and
  limited its versatility and speed
• By 1948, the transistor had changed the
  computers development

 
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Five Generations of Modern ComputersSecond
Generation, 1956-1963

• Second generation computers replaced machine
  language with assembly language, allowing
  abbreviated programming codes to replace long,
  difficult binary codes
• Many new types of computer-related careers were
  created during this period, due to the boom in
  building computers by companies such as Control
  Date, Honeywell and Sperry-Rand
• The entire software industry began during this
  second generation of computers

 
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Five Generations of Modern ComputersThird
Generation 1964-1971

• Integrated circuit was created by Jack Kilby in
  1958
• Other third generation development included the
  use of operating systems within machines
• Central programs coordinated the computers memory

 
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Five Generations of Modern ComputersFourth
Generation 1971 to Present

• 1971Creation of the Intel chip
• General consumer use of computers began around
  this same time, although the PC was still geared
  towards business. Many computer makers had not
  found a way to make the computer smaller,
  therefore sellable to the general public
• The most popular pioneers in this field at that
  time was Commodore, Radio Shack and Apple
• In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer
  (PC) for use in the home, office and schools

 
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Five Generations of Modern ComputersFifth
Generation Present to Beyond

• Fifth generation computing is still in its
  infancy. Many of the original, major leaders of
  computing are either currently struggling (IBM,
  Apple) to stay alive or went out of business
  (Radio Shack, Commodore) within the last decade
• Famous example of a fifth generation computing
  system is the HAL9000 from Arthur C. Clarkes
  novel, 2001 A Space Odyssey
• Many advances have been made using computers