INFO1010

1
INFO1010

• Academic Referencing
• Lecture 2
• Michael Carr
• Faculty Librarian (Acting), Science IT
• Callaghan Campus
• michael.carr_at_newcastle.edu.au

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The purpose of this Lecture is

• To introduce explain the concepts of
• ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ACADEMIC HONESTY

• To introduce explain the concept of PLAGIARISM

• To introduce illustrate the concept of
  REFERENCING

• To illustrate the Author-Date REFERENCING STYLE
  -- APA 5th Edition.

• To illustrate the Numbered REFERENCING STYLE --
  Vancouver.

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Academic Referencing of information sources
All University study, writing /or research
requires the constant use of diverse and
relevant information sources. Such sources
will be textbooks, reference books, journal
articles and suitable online sites, etc.

• The type of information used might be
• quotations,
• ideas or concepts,
• background /or historical materials,
• statistics,
• definitions,
• theories,
• experimental data,
• images, illustrations, or pictures,
• equations, charts or graphs,
• music (lyrics /or musical phrases).

All sources of information (of whatever type)
used in or for Assignments, Essays, Tutorials,
Seminars, Presentations, Lab Reports, approved
Group Work, etc., MUST be identified in full, and
in a clear, accurate and consistent manner.
This is know as REFERENCING (or Citing).
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Academic Integrity
When you identify all your sources of information
you are acting with ACADEMIC INTEGRITY.

• Academic integrity is founded on the principles
  of
• respect for knowledge,
• truthfulness,
• scholarship and
• honesty.

Click here for more information
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Academic Dishonesty Plagiarism
NOT to identify all your sources of information
is both ACADEMICALLY DISHONEST, and
constitutes an act of PLAGIARISM.
Plagiarism is defined as taking, using, and
passing off as your own, the ideas or words of
another. It is a very serious academic offence,
and can result in your work being failed
automatically. Monash University Library. (2008)

• Acts of Plagiarism are
• using an author's work which is paraphrased or
  presented without a reference,
• copying other students' work including items of
  assessment which are written in conjunction with
  other students (without prior permission of your
  tutor / lecturer),
• submitting work which has already been submitted
  for assessment previously in another course.
• Monash University Library. (2008). Plagiarism.
  Retrieved July 9, 2008 from,
  http//www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/pla
  giarism.html

Click here for more information
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Plagiarism
Plagiarism is intellectual THEFT.
Plagiarism is a very serious matter.
Plagiarism CAN be readily detected.
Plagiarism carries severe penalties.
However....
The best way to avoid plagiarism is to take
careful notes of where you find your information,
and always acknowledge the work of others. Such
work may include sections of text, quotations,
original ideas, graphics, diagrams, charts,
tables and figures. Monash University
Library. (2008). Plagiarism. Retrieved July 9,
2008, from http//www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/
citing/plagiarism.html
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Academic Referencing
Referencing (or Citing) the sources of
information which you have used is PROOF of
Academic Honesty Integrity. It is THE
MEANS to avoid PLAGIARISM.
citation noun a quotation from or reference to a
book, paper, or author, especially in a scholarly
work From The Oxford Dictionary of English (2nd
edition revised)

• Referencing should
• allow others to find, hence use, the same
  sources of information you have used,
• facilitate checks on the accuracy validity of
  your use of information sources,
• eg. that the quotation you used is indeed
  correct.
• demonstrate your competency in using relevant
  information sources.

Referencing identifies to a third party the
information sources that you have used.
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Academic Referencing

• As discussed in Lecture 1, the main information
  sources for University studies are
• Books (traditional paper and online),
• Articles from refereed Journals (traditional
  paper and online),
• Internet / Web.

REFERENCING STYLES provide specific FORMATS
(templates/layouts) by which these (and many
other information sources) can be referenced (or
cited) and hence identified to others.

• References (or Citations) for Books, Articles,
  etc,
• use specific pieces of BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
  (Author, Title, Edition, etc),
• use standardised FORMATS for displaying this
  data,
• use standardised PUNCTUATION between each piece
  of data displayed.

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Academic Referencing BOOKS hardcopy, on
paper.
A Reference (also called a Citation) provides a
set of details which identify your information
source.

• BOOK reference -- standard bibliographic data
  for a correct CITATION
• Author(s) / or Editor(s)
• Title
• Edition (only if 2nd, 3rd, etc.)
• Place of Publication
• (eg. Sydney, London, Rome)
• Name of Publisher
• (eg. University of Cambridge Press, Macmillan,
  Elsevier)
• Year of Publication

The above are the usually accepted MINIMUM set
of details required to identify the book to
another person.
They must be stated accurately and in full, using
a CONSISTENT FORMAT known as a Citation or
Referencing STYLE. For example, the APA 5th
edition Style.
NB. An Editor, unlike an Author, does not write
or create the content of a book. An Editor
arranges, organises, designs, edits, checks and
prepares the content written by authors for
publication.
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Editors vs Authors ???
Are you unsure whether the person is the AUTHOR
of the Book, or is instead the EDITOR? Look up
the title in NEWCAT and use the information there
to decide.
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Academic Referencing E-BOOKS Online books.

• E-BOOK reference -- standard bibliographic data
  for a correct CITATION
• Author(s) / or Editor(s)
• Title
• Edition (only if 2nd, 3rd, etc.)
• Place of Publication
• Name of Publisher
• Year of Publication
• Retrieved date
• URL

For example Philosophy of Anthropology and
Sociology / Edited by Stephen P. Turner and
Mark W. Risjord London North-Holland 2006 July
17, 2008 http//0-www.sciencedirect.com.library.n
ewcastle.edu.au/science/book/9780444515421
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Academic Referencing JOURNAL ARTICLES paper

• JOURNAL ARTICLE reference -- standard
  bibliographic data for a correct CITATION
• Author(s)
• Title of the ARTICLE
• Title of the JOURNAL
• Volume (number)
• Issue (number)
• Pages
• Year of Publication

It is important to note that for journal article
references (citations) there will always be
TWO(2) TITLES. a. The specific title of the
ARTICLE itself. b. The title of the JOURNAL in
which the article was published.
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Academic Referencing JOURNAL ARTICLES - paper
Author(s) Robert G. Arns William
Poland Title of the ARTICLE Changing the
University through Program Review Title of
the JOURNAL Journal of Higher
Educatin Volume 51 Issue 3 Pages 268-284
Year of Publication 1980
NB. Page numbering actually starts on the next
page overleaf at p. 269.
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Academic Referencing JOURNAL ARTICLES - paper
There appears to be NO Issue number for
this Journal.
Author(s) Title of the ARTICLE Title
of the JOURNAL Volume Issue Pages
Year of Publication
Hugh Saddler, Mark Diesendoft, Richard Denniss
Clean energy scenarios for Australia
Energy Policy
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1245-1256
2007
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Academic Referencing JOURNAL ARTICLES online,
full-text from a Database

• Online, full-text JOURNAL ARTICLE from a Database
  
• -- standard bibliographic data for a correct
  CITATION
• Author(s)
• Article Title
• Journal Title
• Volume
• Issue
• Pages
• Year of publication
• Retrieved date
• Database name

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Academic Referencing JOURNAL ARTICLES online,
Abstract only from a Database

• Online JOURNAL ARTICLE from a Database
• but with an Abstract only,
• -- standard bibliographic data for a correct
  CITATION are
• Author(s)
• Article Title
• Journal Title
• Volume
• Issue
• Pages
• Year of publication
• Retrieved
• Database name

For example Bussing, R., Schoenberg, N. E.,
Rogers, K. M., Zima, B. T. Angus,
S. Explanatory models of ADHD do they differ by
ethnicity, child gender, or treatment status?
Journal of Emotional Behavioral
Disorders Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 233-242.
Year 1998 Database PsycINFO
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Academic Referencing JOURNAL ARTICLES online,
full-text from an E-Journal

• Full text article from an Electronic Journal
• standard bibliographic data for a correct
  CITATION
• Author(s)
• Year
• Article Title
• Journal Title
• Volume
• Issue
• Page numbers
• Retrieved
• URL

For example van Breda, L. Passenier, P.
O. 1998 Effect of path prediction on
navigational performance Journal of Navigation,
51(2), 216-228. November 10, 1999 http//www.jour
nals.cup.org/bin/bladerunner?30REQEVENTREQAUTH0
116000REQSUBREQSTR1NAV
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Academic Referencing Web site or web page, etc.
Web site -- standard bibliographic data for a
correct CITATION Author(s) Date Title
Retrieved URL
It can be difficult, often very difficult, to
determine if there is an actual Author for a web
page. If you cannot find the name (or names) of
the Author(s) clearly and explicitly stated on
the web page it is reasonable to assume that
there is NO Author. Many, if not most, web pages
do not have identifiable Authors. Remember for a
web page the Authors may be a group not an
individual.
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Academic Referencing - Styles

• There are two(2) main FAMILIES of REFERENCING
  STYLES
• AUTHOR (DATE),
• NUMBERED.

Within each of these Referencing families are
more specific species. For example, the
APA 5th Edition Style in the Author (Date)
family, and, the Vancouver Style in the
Numbered family.

• Referencing Styles have defined FORMATS which
  stipulate
• the specific pieces of BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
  (Author, Title, Edition, etc), needed,
• the standardised FORMATS for displaying this
  data,
• the standardised PUNCTUATION between each piece
  of data displayed.

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Academic Referencing in-text Bibliography
References to information sources occur in
two(2) places within a document.
Firstly, in brief form, at the exact point in the
text of the document where a quotation, a
paraphrased idea, background concepts, etc, are
introduced, discussed or mentioned. For obvious
reasons this an in text reference. For
example Using an Author (Date) style
Adaptive optics by means of multi-mirror
configurations as a technique for gaining high
resolution spectroscopy of very distant and faint
quasars are starting to permit more precise
calculations of galactic red-shifting. (Scroder,
1999) However, measurement precision is as yet
constrained by the small number of operational
multi-mirror telescopes such that site-specific
findings cannot readily be checked and verified
at alternate locations. (Wilson, 2004)
In Text
In Text
Secondly, with references (citations) in full, as
a BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Bibliography is usually
found at the end of the complete document,
however, this position may vary depending on the
specific Referencing Style in use.
The short in-text references are intended to
direct the reader to the full reference as
found in the Bibliography.
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Academic Referencing Author (Date) Style
in-text Bibliography
The Style illustrated below is APA 5th ed.
Emerging technologies for distant image
resolution, analysis and measurement. Adaptive
optics by means of multi-mirror configurations
(Zaltzen, Der Essen, Smithers, 2003) as a
technique for gaining high resolution
spectroscopy of very distant and faint quasars
are starting to permit more precise calculations
of galactic red-shifting. (Scroder, 1999)
However, measurement precision is as yet
constrained by the small number of operational
multi-mirror telescopes such that site-specific
findings cannot readily be checked and verified
at alternate locations. (Wilson, 2004).
Nevertheless, prospects are encouraging (Abelson,
Harrison, Edwards, Forde, 2002) and
expectations of success to within or -10 of 1
degree of arc are held with substantial
confidence.
Bibliography Abelson, T., Harrison, W., Edwards,
H., Forde, M. (2002). Precise measurement
variables approaching nano-limit inversion
barrier. Mathematical Studies in Optics and
Discrete Boundary Elements, 13(3),
212-244. Scroder, D. J. (1999). Astronomical
optics (2nd ed.). London Academic
Press. Wilson, E. T. (Ed.). (2004). New
developments in telescope optics (8th enlarged
ed.). Vienna Von Schlieffen.Zaltzen, S., Der
Essen, E., Smithers, W. (2003). Telescope
design principles multi-optic image integration
Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
Journal article paper
Book 2nd ed.
Edited Book 8th enlgd ed.
Book, multi-author
An APA 5th ed. Bibliography is formatted in a
single ALPHABETICAL sequence by AUTHOR. If no
Author the TITLE is used instead.
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Academic Referencing Numbered Style in-text
Bibliography
The Style illustrated below is Vancouver.
Emerging technologies for distant image
resolution, analysis and measurement. Adaptive
optics by means of multi-mirror configurations
1 as a technique for gaining high resolution
spectroscopy of very distant and faint quasars
are starting to permit more precise calculations
of galactic red-shifting. 2 However,
measurement precision is as yet constrained by
the small number of operational multi-mirror
telescopes such that site-specific findings
cannot readily be checked and verified at
alternate locations. 3 Nevertheless, prospects
are encouraging 4 and expectations of success
to within or -10 of arc are held with
substantial confidence.
Bibliography 1 Zaltzen S, Der Essen E,
Smithers W. Telescope design principles
multi-optic image integration. Cambridge
Cambridge University Press 2003. 2 Scroder
DJ. Astronomical optics. 2nd ed. London Academic
Press 1999. 3 Wilson ET, ed. New developments
in telescope optics. 8th enlarged ed. Vienna Von
Schlieffen 2004. 4 Abelson T, Harrison W,
Edwards H, Forde M. Precise measurement variables
approaching nano-limit inversion barrier.
Mathematical Studies in Optics and Discrete
Boundary Elements 200213(3)212-44.
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Academic Referencing APA 5th Edition Style -
A quick overview
Origin The American Psychological Association
(APA), the main scholarly association for
academic psychologists in the United States,
has developed standardised methods for citing
print and electronic sources used in research.
Instructions Alphabetise the Bibliography by
the Surname of the first Author. If NO Author
alphabetise by Title at the proper place within
the sequence of alphabetised Author
names. No Author example (full-text article
from a database) Epistemological and
theoretical challenges for studying power and
politics in information systems. (2007).
Information Systems Journal, 17(2), 165-183.
Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business
Source Premier database. Names Use initials
for first and middle names. Titles For
articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the
first word of the title and the subtitle and
all proper nouns, i.e., the name(s) of a Person,
Place, Event or Thing. Fully capitalize Journal
titles. Dates Publication dates use the
order year, month day. The access date uses
the order month day year. If no publication
date is available, use n.d. in place of an
actual date.
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Academic Referencing APA 5th Edition
Style Specific Examples
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with AUTHOR
APA 5th ed.
Bibliographic details should be taken from the
TITLE PAGE of a BOOK.
In this example (which uses the book cover or
jacket)
AUTHOR Cees W. De Jong TITLE Sans serif
the ultimate sourcebook of classic and
contemporary sans serif typography EDITION
PLACE of Publication London PUBLISHER Th
ames Hudson YEAR of Publication 2006
Referenced (cited) in a Bibliography with the APA
5th ed. Style Jong, C. W. d. (2006). Sans serif
the ultimate sourcebook of classic and
contemporary sans serif typography. London
Thames Hudson.
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with AUTHOR
APA 5th ed.
The required bibliographic details, layout (i.e.
format) punctuation for a printed book with
Author(s) in the APA 5th ed. Style are
Name/s of Author(s) surname, and initials
Year of publication in parentheses ( )
followed by a full stop . Title of
publication underlined or in italics followed
by a full stop . Edition (in parentheses)
if other than the first followed by a full stop
. edition always abbreviated to ed.
Place of Publication followed by a colon
Publisher followed by a full stop .
For example Comer, R. J. (1998). Abnormal
psychology (3rd ed.). New York Freeman.
Surname
Initials
Edition ed.
Place Published
Publisher
Title in italics Or underlined
Year in ( )
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Academic Referencing APA 5th ed. Notes re
Publisher Place of Publication

• Publisher
• Give the name of the Publisher in as brief a
  form as intelligible.
• Omit superfluous terms such as
• Publishers
• Publishing MacKenzie NOT MacKenzie
  Publishing
• Co.,
• Comp.,
• Inc.
• Incorp.
• Pty Ltd.
• Retain the words Books and Press.
• Eg. Art House Press Newstead Books.

Place of Publication If 2 or more (London,
Paris, Rome) locations are listed, give the
location which is listed first only. Or, if
specified, the location of the publishers home
office.
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with AUTHOR
APA 5th ed.
Citation details should be taken from the TITLE
PAGE of a BOOK.
In this example (which uses the book cover or
jacket)
AUTHOR Luciano Canfora translated by Marion
Hill Kevin Windle TITLE Julius
Caesar the life and times of the
peoples dictator EDITION English language
edition PLACE of Publication Berkeley PUBLISHER
University of California Press YEAR of
Publication 2007
Referenced (cited) in a Bibliography with the APA
5th ed. Style Canfora, L. (2007). Julius Caesar
the life and times of the people's dictator (M.
Hill K. Windle, Trans. English language ed.).
Berkeley University of California Press.
NB. Sometimes a book will not have an Author or
Editor. However, in academic or scholarly
publishing this would be rare.
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with
EDITOR(S) APA 5th ed.
EDITORS Sandra Alfoldy Janice
Helland TITLE Craft, space and interior
design, 1855-2005 EDITION PLACE of
Publication Burlington PUBLISHER Ashgate YEA
R of Publication 2008
Cited in a Bibliography with the APA 5th ed.
Style Alfoldy, S., Helland, J. (Eds.).
(2008). Craft, space and interior design,
1855-2005. Burlington Ashgate.
NB. This title is NOT identified as a 2nd or
later Edition. Therefore, and obviously, it is a
1st edition. It is NOT necessary to cite 1st
editions as such it can simply be assumed.
However, later editions MUST be cited
specifically as 2nd ed., 3rd ed., etc.
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with EDITOR
APA 5th ed.
The required bibliographic details, layout (i.e.
format) punctuation for a printed book with
Editor(s) in the APA 5th ed. Style are
Name/s of Editors(s) surname, and initials
followed with (Ed.) a full stop . Year
of publication in parentheses ( ) followed by
a full stop . Title of publication
underlined or in italics followed by a full
stop . Edition (in parentheses) if other
than the first followed by a full stop .
edition always abbreviated to ed. Place of
Publication followed by a colon
Publisher followed by a full stop .
For example Maville-Jones, L. V. (Ed.). (2003).
Learning techniques of infants. Adelaide Watson,
Little and Thomas.
Standardised abbreviation in APA 5th for Editor
is (Ed.) The abbreviation for Editors is
(Eds.)
For more examples click here.
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Academic Referencing Journal Article, paper
APA 5th ed.
Author(s) Liana Muresan, Simona Varvara,
Georges Maurin, Sorin Dorneanu Title of the
ARTICLE The effect of some organic additives
upon copper electrowinning from sulphate
electrolytes Title of the JOURNAL Hydrometallurgy
Volume (number) 54 Issue (number) Pages 161-16
9 Year of Publication 2000
Cited in a Bibliography with the APA 5th ed.
Style Muresan, L., Varvara, S., Maurin, G.,
Dorneanu, S. (2000). The effect of some organic
additives upon copper electrowinning from
sulphate electrolytes. Hydrometallurgy, 54,
161-169.
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Academic Referencing Journal Article, paper
APA 5th ed.
The required bibliographic details, layout (i.e.
format) punctuation for a printed journal in
the APA 5th ed. Style are
Author/s of article surname, initials Year
of publication in parentheses ( )
followed by a full stop Title of article
followed by a full stop Journal Title
underlined or in italics followed by a
comma , Volume number underlined or in
italics followed by a comma if no issue number
is given Issue number in parentheses only
needed if issues are individually paginated
followed by a comma Page number(s)
followed by a full stop
Article title
Surnames Initials
Year in ( )
Rhoads, K. R., Davis, A. P. (2004). Metal
recovery and catalyst reuse from the
photocatalytic oxidation of copper-ethylenediamine
tetraacetic acid. Journal of Environmental
Engineering, 130(4), 425-431.
Pages
Journal Title in italics Or underlined
Volume(Issue)
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Academic Referencing Web site (web page) APA
5th ed.
Author(s) ABC Science Date 2008 Title
Science Home Retrieved July
22 URL http//www.abc.net.au/science/
Cited in a Bibliography with the APA 5th ed.
Style ABC Science. (2008). Science Home.
Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http//www.abc.net.a
u/science/
NB. It would also be reasonable to interpret the
Title of this web page as ABC Science Home, or
simply, Home
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Academic Referencing Vancouver Style A
quick overview
Origin A small group of editors of general
medical journals met informally in Vancouver,
British Columbia, in 1978 to establish
guidelines for the format of manuscripts
submitted to their journals. The group became
known as the Vancouver Group. Its requirements
for manuscripts, including formats for
bibliographic references developed by the
National Library of Medicine, were first
published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded
and evolved into the International Committee of
Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which has
produced multiple editions of the Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to
Biomedical Journals. Instructions Number,
using Arabic numerals, references in the
Bibliography and list them in the same order
they were first mentioned in the text. Names
Use initials (without full-stops periods or
spaces) for first and middle names. Titles
For articles, chapters and books, capitalize
only the first word, proper nouns, and
abbreviations that are ordinarily
capitalized. For publication names, capitalize
the first letter of all significant words.
Journal titles may be abbreviated according to
Index Medicus. Dates Use the order year,
month day. Shorten the month to the standard
3-letter abbreviation without a full-stop
(period).
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Academic Referencing Vancouver
Style Specific Examples
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with AUTHOR
Vancouver.
AUTHOR Cees W. De Jong TITLE Sans serif
the ultimate sourcebook of classic and
contemporary sans serif typography EDITION
PLACE of Publication London PUBLISHER Th
ames Hudson YEAR of Publication 2006
Referenced (cited) in a Bibliography with the
Vancouver Style 1 Jong CWd. Sans serif the
ultimate sourcebook of classic and contemporary
sans serif typography. London Thames Hudson
2006.
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Academic Referencing BOOKS, paper with
EDITOR(S) Vancouver.
EDITORS Sandra Alfoldy Janice
Helland TITLE Craft, space and interior
design, 1855-2005 EDITION PLACE of
Publication Burlington PUBLISHER Ashgate YEA
R of Publication 2008
Cited in a Bibliography with the Vancouver
Style 1 Alfoldy S, Helland J, eds. Craft,
space and interior design, 1855-2005. Burlington
Ashgate 2008.
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Academic Referencing Journal Article, paper
Vancouver.
Author(s) Liana Muresan, Simona Varvara,
Georges Maurin, Sorin Dorneanu Title of the
ARTICLE The effect of some organic additives
upon copper electrowinning from sulphate
electrolytes Title of the JOURNAL Hydrometallurgy
Volume (number) 54 Issue (number) Pages 161-16
9 Year of Publication 2000
Cited in a Bibliography with the Vancouver
Style 1 Muresan L, Varvara S, Maurin G,
Dorneanu S. The effect of some organic additives
upon copper electrowinning from sulphate
electrolytes. Hydrometallurgy. 200054161-9.
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Academic Referencing Web site (web page)
Vancouver.
Author(s) ABC Science Date 2008 Title
Science Home Retrieved July
22 URL http//www.abc.net.au/science/
Cited in a Bibliography with the Vancouver
Style 1 ABC Science. Science Home. 2008
cited 2008 July 22 Available from
http//www.abc.net.au/science/
NB. When citing a URL, never add a Full-Stop ( .
) to the end as this can render the web address
invalid.
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INFO1010
Academic Referencing Quick Questions?