The 2006 Summer Program in International Energy Policy and Environmental Assessment

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The 2006 Summer Program in International Energy
Policy and Environmental Assessment

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Cambridge A town meeting the needs of citizens
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But in meeting those needs, CO2 is released, and
so reduction is needed

• Make carbon dioxide reduction an aim of the
  individual, institution, municipality, etc
• Develop a carbon dioxide inventory
• Use the inventory to identify points of greatest
  opportunity
• Translate this into short, medium and long-term
  strategies for reduction
• Return periodically to assess progress

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Steps taken by

• Political regions
• Municipalities
• Energy sectors
• Institutions
• Individuals

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Cambridge City Council has started planning for
that change
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With Carbon Reduction Pledges

• Sign the Nottingham Declaration on Climate Change
• Identify and implement energy management
  initiatives for 25 reduction in the near term,
  and more later
• Produce a home energy strategy to improve energy
  performance by 5 per year
• Introduce a sustainable purchasing initiative and
  waste minimization programme

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With Carbon Reduction Pledges

• Reduce transport emissions by reviewing staff
  travel plan
• Promote renewable energy technologies through a
  Sustainable Design and Construction Supplementary
  Planning Document
• Increase climate change awareness and action
  amongst staff

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The Cambridge carbon inventory
City of Cambridge
Government
University
Colleges
Residential
Others
Transport
Commercial
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The inventory for City of Cambridge (DEFRA in
blue UNC-CH in Red)
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The student projects

• Understanding energy performance of existing
  residences, and locating strategies for
  improvement
• Understanding energy performance of planned
  residences, and locating strategies for
  improvement
• Assessing the potential of car clubs to reduce
  emissions from Transport

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The student projects

• Assessing the ability of educational materials to
  produce changes in attitudes and behaviors of
  recipients
• Linking the City Council and the University
  through University of Cambridge student projects
  and a climate change partnership
• Documenting climate change initiatives being
  taken by citizens and organizations

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Valuable assistance from

• Cambridge City Council Environment Centre
• East of England Regional Assembly
• East of England Development Agency
• Cambridgeshire County Council
• Cambridge Carbon Footprint
• The Carbon Trust
• The Energy Savings Trust
• The University of Cambridge
• Cambridge Architectural Research, LTD
• Cambridge Energy Forum
• Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

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Results coming soon to the internet

• www.cep.unc.edu/cred

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Home Energy Efficiency in Private Residential
Homes in Cambridge

• Aneri Patel
• Kirstin Hunt
• Blake Jordan

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Our Goals

• To quantify the energy efficiency and performance
  and assess the carbon dioxide emissions for
  existing private residences.
• To propose standards based on our findings
  necessary to meet the 60 carbon reduction goal
  in the existing private residential sector.

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Private Homes

• The home is where people can have the largest
  influence on the environment.
• 25 of heat can be emitted through the roof
• 35 through the walls
• 15 through the floors
• 15 through the doors
• 10 through the windows

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The Process and score results

• We surveyed a mixed demographic using the Energy
  Saving Trusts survey.
• The results yielded SAP scores
• Average SAP rating in Cambridge is 48 for private
  residences and 62 for City Council housing.
• Our results yielded a score of approximately 53.

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Graph 1 SAP Ratings. The average SAP score is
about 53. The range is 20 to 85.
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Graph 2 CO2 Emissions. The average is 6
tonnes/year. The range is 2 tonnes/year to 11
tonnes/year.
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• Graph 3 Total Energy Use. The total energy used
  per household is approximately 23,000 kWh/yr.
• To compute to the total energy used from the CO2
  emissions given, the following calculation was
  performed Energy CO2 (tonnes/year)
• (0.800.00019 0.200.00051).

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Graph 4 Total Running Costs. The average running
costs per household is approximately 678 /year.
The range is 310 /year to 1300 /year.
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Correlations in Graphs

• Strong relationships exist between CO2 emissions,
  total energy consumed and total running costs.
• The scores are primarily due to the following
• Age of home
• Amount of insulation
• Primary heating fuel and secondary heating fuel

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Improving Home Efficiency

• Household efficiency can be improved with simple
  enhancements made in insulation, draught
  proofing, and double glazing

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Improving Home Efficiency

• Energy efficient appliances can improve household
  efficiency.
• Switching to alternative energy companies helps
  to decrease CO2 emissions.
• There are currently grants and funding available
  for homeowners to help improve the efficiency of
  households.

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Excerpts from the model
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Projected Carbon Emissions and the Cambridge
Local Plan

• Ryan Bailey
• Bynum Hoekstra
• Sarah Thomson

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Future Housing Growth

• 12,500 new homes by 2016 to meet growth and
  development needs
• Planned mixed-use development, similar to
  Cambourne community
• Average SAP score 96 in Cambourne
• Yields 2.19 tonnes CO2 per household annually, or
  9,726 kWh energy consumed

Source Cambridge Local Plan, 2006 www.cambridge.g
ov.uk
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Low Carbon Features Model

• Can estimate carbon dioxide emissions from
  residences based on SAP ratings
• Further adjust carbon dioxide emissions by
  adding/subtracting Low Carbon features
  (appliances and 10 on-site renewable energy)

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Projected Emissions Estimates

• If we assume all 12,500 Local Plan Homes achieve
  a baseline SAP of 96 (excluding additional energy
  efficient features), then
• Total 27,392 tonnes CO2 emitted annually from
  Local Plan Homes
• Contributing 8.47 of Residential Sector
  CO2 emissions 3.19 of CO2 emissions
  from all sectors
• (based on Defra Regional and Local Carbon
  Emissions, 2003).
• 10 on-site renewables standard an additional
  feature due to compliance requirements
• For example, this feature reduces CO2 emissions
  by approximately 7 per household every year

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Local Plan Sustainably Planned?

• Ashwell Property Group Bidwells Planning 2
  major developers
• No planned sustainable housing schemes for 12,500
  new homes, despite the Local Plans commitment to
  sustainability
• David Bentley of Bidwells Developers dont make
  back their premiums when constructing Low Carbon
  communities
• Efficiency standards driven by regulations

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Demand for Sustainable Housing in Cambridge
Survey Results
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Meeting the DemandCountryside Properties

• Successfully markets with efficiency standards in
  mind
• Accordia development Brooklands Ave., Cambridge
• EcoHomes rating of very good according to
  BREEAM
• Average SAP score similar to Cambourne mid-90s
• Cost over 900,000
• YET, successful large-scale sustainable
  development

Photo from Accordia - Bynum
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In Conclusion

• At 3.19 of future Cambridge emissions from all
  sectors, residential development from the Local
  Plan will not be a dominant CO2 source.
• Within the residential sector, City Council
  should focus on upgrading existing buildings.
• However, future air conditioning units will
  change this dynamic
• Increasing demand Linda Clare of Countryside
• So, energy efficiency features will become
  increasingly important over time.

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Car ClubsA Carbon Reduction Strategy?

• Will Morgan
• Lauren Dunbar
• 1 August, 2006

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Background Information

• Global Climate Change and CO2 emissions
• Carbon Reduction in the City of Cambridge
• Cutting CO2 Emissions in Transport
• Strategy for cutting emissions
• Biodiesel
• Cycling
• Car Clubs

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What are Car Clubs?

• How they work
• Start-up scheme
• Organic
• Ambitious
• Carbon reduction through car clubs

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Situation 1

• Organic Growth Scheme
• Initial purchase of 4 cars will replace 18 cars
  in Cambridge
• Calculations based on data from DEFRA report,
  CarPlus report, and UNC model

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• With a net reduction of 14, carbon emissions goes
  down 21 tonnes per year. This results in a 0.03
  reduction from total car emissions in Cambridge
  per year, and a 0.02 reduction in the transport
  sector per year
• The reduction of 0.002 of the total emissions
  for Cambridge per year

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Situation 2

• Through organic growth, 20,000 drivers in
  Cambridge join a car club
• 1297 cars would be replaced based on the
  assumption 4.5 cars replaced by 1 car club car
• A fleet of 377 cars would be required for this
  level of growth
• This would result in a reduction of 37 in total
  car emissions per year, 27 reduction in total
  transport emissions per year, and a 3 in total
  emissions for the city per year

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• This would result in a reduction of 37 in total
  car emissions per year, 27 reduction in total
  transport emissions per year, and a 3 in total
  emissions for the city per year

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CO2 Reduction As Members Increase
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Situation 3

• Car clubs can increase vehicle miles driven if
  enough people who were not driving at all join
  car clubs

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• As the percentage of people in the car club who
  were already driving cars drops below 45,
  overall emissions begins to increase

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Conclusions

• On a small scale, car clubs have a very limited
  impact of overall carbon dioxide emissions
• When the percentage of people in a car club who
  were not already driving cars reaches a certain
  level, emissions will actually increase
• Car clubs may be an effective tool for providing
  affordable transportation

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Community Awareness Translating Awareness into
Action

• Alia Khan
• Mary-Carson Saunders
• Trey Sutton

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Public Awareness / Publicity Assessment

• Two surveys were conducted
• To assess the public awareness of environmental
  issues
• Measure the success of publicity generated by the
  Environment Centre.
• General Public Survey V. Mail Lists Survey
• These assessed
• Knowledge of environmental issues
• Opinions on the City Councils role in generating
  action
• The communitys greatest concerns of the affects
  of climate change
• Motivational factors that stimulate individual
  changes
• Current independent sustainable practices

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THE GENERAL PUBLICSources of Information

• 1 have visited the Cambridge Environment Centre
• 58 receive climate change info from TV media
• Putting environmental education on TV would reach
  a larger population
• 27 receive info from the internet
• 76 think the city of Cambridge has not presented
  the problem of climate change in a manner that
  engages people in conversation
• 85 were unaware the Cambridge Environment Centre
  exists
• 3 have picked up publications from City Council
  around town
• 100 were motivated to change as a result of
  these publications!

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EMAIL and POST SURVEYS

• 62 have visited the Environment Centre
• 33 were unaware Centre exists
• Knowledge of Centre came from
• Newsletters, CSC, friends, a community centre,
  and other publications
• 67 have not visited the Cambridge Sustainable
  City website those who did said it was
  presented in a convincing manner
• THERE IS OVERWHELMING SUPPORT FOR ADOPTING
  RENEWABLE/SUSTAINABILE ENERGY IN CAMBRIDGE
• CRed Goal 63 believe this goal is possible,
  but most people are skeptical of the collective
  effort of community.
• Is this a feasible goal? Being Cambridge, YES!!
  -citizen

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Comments from the Interested Public

• Transport
• Why not do what Winchester does charge 2 pounds
  per car to park and then have free buses in and
  out of the city. This would also encourage car
  sharing to the Park Ride car parks. -citizen
  
• Cycle routes need to extend to outside villages
  from within the city to aid commuters -citizen
• Recycling
• More public recycling around the city.
  -citizen
• I would like to recycle more, but as I live in a
  block of Council owned flats without recycling
  facilities this is not possible. (Ainsdale,
  Cambridge)

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• What citizens believe are the most adverse
  effects of climate change.
• Other options were agricultural productivity and
  fuel shortages.
• However, they were not ranked first by any
  citizens
• 82 citizens surveyed.

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Health Effects of Climate Change

• Heat waves
• Pose most risks to elderly, young, and ill.
• Increase of 2800 deaths/yr.
• Heat wave 2003
• 2000 deaths - England and Wales alone
• Milder winter temperatures could decrease cold
  related deaths 20,000 cases/year in England.
• Food Poisoning
• Higher summer temps could increases cases of
  Salmonella infection in England by 10,000/yr.
• More UV exposure
• DoH predicts extra 5,000 cases skin cancer/year
  in England.
• Increase of 2,000 cataract cases/year
• Children in England exercising in high ozone
  environments are 40 more likely to develop
  asthma.1
• For more information on the specific health
  effects of climate change, see the website.
• 1. The Impact of Climate Change on Child
  Health Supinda Bunyavanich 2003.

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When are we going to come to our senses and live
more sustainably for the sake of our children
and our childrens children? Cambridge citizen

• What citizens believe will motivate them to make
  daily changes in their lives.
• Climate change can have both positive and
  negative effects on a citizens quality of life.
• Hotter summers, yet warmer winters.

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Energy saving practices of Cambridge Citizens
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NEW RESIDENTIALHome Efficiency Checklist(to be
included in initial purchase)

• Energy Saving Light Bulbs
• Clothesline/space to dry clothes outside.
• Energy Efficient Appliances
• i.e. Refrigerator
• Double Window Glazing
• Loft Insulation
• Cavity Insulation
• Draught Proofing
• Solar Panel Options
• Wind Turbine Systems

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• GENERATE BUZZ!!
• Incessant activity within the community
• Visual learning fair participation
• Presentation of a sustainable mock lifestyle
• Become an inescapable presence in the city!
• Keep up the good work!
• I believe the Cambridge Environment Centre is
  extremely useful and effective.

Generating Buzz is a concept found in Collins,
Joanna, Gilliam Thomas, Rebecca Willis and James
Wilsdon. Carrots, sticks and sermons. Version
4.0, 16/12/03.
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Cambridge University Relations

• Brian Levo
• Cambridge, 2006

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Primary Objectives

• To enhance relations between the University of
  Cambridge and the Cambridge City Council by
  instituting three initiatives within the
  University that each work through specific
  avenues of the infrastructure
• A fieldwork programme supported by various
  departments in the University, with climate
  change research as the focal point.
• A student-led organization that unites the
  colleges to engage the issue of climate change on
  both the collegiate and University levels.
• A network of the students, faculty, relative
  organizations, and city council.

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University Infrastructure
Department leaders in charge of the student
research projects will work directly with the
Environment Centre in City Council, which will
be charged with the task of assigning projects,
and providing administrative support.
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Departments

• Architecture
• Koen Steemers (Prof. Of Sustainable Design)
• kas11_at_cam.ac.uk
• Engineering
• Peter Guthrie (Prof. in Engineering for
  Sustainable Development)
• pmg31_at_eng.cam.ac.uk
• Geography
• Hans-F. Graf (Prof. Of Environmental Systems
  Analysis)
• hans.graf_at_geog.cam.ac.uk
• Judge Business School
• Dr. Chris Hope (Director of the Undergraduate
  Program)
• c.hope_at_jbs.cam.ac.uk
• Land Economy
• Dr. Andreas Kontoleon (University Lecturer,
  Director of Mphil in Environmental Policy)
• Ak219_at_cam.ac.uk

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University Infrastructure
Student Organization(s) will retain close ties
with members of every college. Acting as a single
body, they will cooperate with city council and
any faculty or local organizations interested in
carbon reduction, to gain the support of college
bursars, and propose University-wide measures
that engage issues of climate change.
University of Cambridge
University Departments
Colleges
Student Fieldwork Projects
Student Led Organizations
College Bursars
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Student Organizations

• Cambridge University Student Union (CUSU) Green
• Main Green Officer Aneaka Kellay
  green_at_cusu.cam.ac.uk
• Ethical and Environmental Committee (EEC)
• Helena Wright (Environmental Awareness Officer)
  environmentalawareness_at_cusu.cam.ac.uk
• Cambridge University Energy Network
• Ronan Kavanagh (President)
  rk331_at_cam.ac.uk
• Cambridge Roots and Shoots
• Freija Glansdorp (Cambridge University President)
  fgg20_at_cam.ac.uk
• Cambridge University Environmental Consulting
  Society (CUECS)
• Emilia Melville (Secretary)
  ejm58_at_cam.ac.uk

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University Climate Change Network
University Departments
Colleges
City Council
Student Fieldwork Projects
Student Led Organizations
College Bursars
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Again Results coming soon to the internet

• www.cep.unc.edu/cred
• dcrawfor_at_email.unc.edu