Biofuel Options For Cities

1
Biofuel Options For Cities
DI Gerfried Cebrat Forschungsgesellschaft
Mobilität - Austrian Mobility ResearchFGM - AMOR
gemeinnützige Gesellschaft m.b.H Area Clean
Propulsion Systems Email gcebrat_at_fgm.at
2
Content of the presentation

• Motivation
• Options Fuel Supply
• SWOT Fuels
• Details PPO/SVO
• Technology
• Economy
• Alternatives
• Biodiesel
• Bio CNG
• Recommendations
• Policy Issues

3
Motivation for Action

• Reduce dependency on oil
• Reduce local emissions
• Fight Global Warming
• Create local fuel economy

4
Biofuel Production Paths
5
SWOT PPO/SVO

• Strengths
• No complex processing necessary
• Weaknesses
• Price increase raw oils
• Heating of the fuel necessary
• Injection Problematic
• Not applicable for stopn go operation, unburnt
  fuel may damage the engine.
• Opportunities
• Easy to implement production
• Easy to implement with larger and older engines
• Threats
• Emission thematic may damage the campaign
• Food or Fuel discussion

6
SWOT Biodiesel

• Strengths
• B30 is standard fuel with PSA vehicles
• Multi feedstock capability (oils fats)
• Weaknesses
• Price increase raw oils
• B100 not allowed with new passenger cars,
• with buses and trucks importer may issue warranty
• Opportunities
• Creates more jobs than PPO/SVO in the region
• Threats
• Cheap imports from overseas

7
SWOT Ethanol

• Strengths
• Good availability of FFVs passenger cars
• Additional path to ETBE
• By product DDSG
• Weaknesses
• Food or fuel discussion
• For busses trucks small vehicle market B95
• Opportunities
• Process surplus of fruits
• Threats
• Cheap imports/expensive raw materials
• Food or fuel discussion

8
SWOT Bio-CNG

• Strengths
• No additional distribution logistics
• Weaknesses
• Expensive filling stations
• CNG engines inefficient without adaptation to CNG
• Added weight (tanks) or lower endurance
• Opportunities
• Existing digesters usable adding fat or biomass
• Avoiding food or fuel discussion
• Threats
• Entry strategy for CNG

9
SWOT Battery Electric

• Strengths
• Cheapest fuelling
• Longevity of the power train
• Weaknesses
• Autonomy
• Battery cost
• Maintenance not guaranteed
• Opportunities
• Zero local emission captive fleets
• Cheap roll out Electric assist E-scooters
• Threats
• Stranded investments if planning/technology not
  ok

10
Overview Fuels
11
Show cases PPO/SVO

• PPO/SVO is applied successfully, but not for
  bigger fleets
• Busses in NL
• Busses in the UK Royal Borough buses
• Some refuse trucks Aachen
• Some farming vehicles
• Lots of private cars

12
Details PPO/SVO- Fuel

• Quality heavily influenced by oil type
• Standard DIN 51605 (desnity, water, residues, ash
  stability, iodine figure..)
• Remove gums
• 4µ filtering

13
Details SVO/PPO Engines

• Blending 30
• Lucas CAV, Roto Diesel or Delphi
• 1 tank solutions only for
• Swirl or Pre-chamber (IDI) diesels of most makes
  (excluding rotary pumps by CAV, Lucas, Stanadyne,
  RotoDiesel or Delphi).
• TDI engines from the Volkswagen group Audi, Seat,
  Skoda, Volkswagen. (some Ford and VOLVO).
• 1.9 dTi motors from Renault
• No copper in contact with oil
• Higher compression

14
1-tank-SVO-conversion kit (UI)

• for cars / vans of following brands AUDI, SEAT,
  SKODA und VOLKSWAGEN with
• unit injector system and EDC /PCM-module version
  EDC 15/EDC15/EDC16/EDC16
• This kit is in the actual version not suitable
  for cars / vans original diesel particular filter
  systems.
• For cars with saddle tank ( mostly 4-wheel-drive)
  and / or with automatic transmission Please
  contact our service before you order the kit.

15
2 tanks solutions

• TDI CDI direct injection normally
• Only with Injection pumps from Bosch,
  (Stanadyne?), Nippondenso oder Diesel Kiki

16
Some figures

• Dorado et al. 2003 DI Perkins diesel engine,
  waste olive oil biodiesel, Fremont XT200
  dynamometer, steady state testing
• Observed following range of reductions in
  emissions
• CO 35 - 59
• SO2 10 - 58
• NOx 12 - 32
• NOx emissions can be decreased by retarded
  injection timing
• Schumacher et al. 2001 10L DI Cummins L10E
  diesel engine, FTP transient testing

Injection adapted via chip?
17
Calculation example

• Fuel Price
• 900 /MT?
• Tax saving
• 10 diesel
• Tank
• May be adapted or new
• For n vehicles
• Retrofit
• 2 tank system
• Mileage
• 25.000 km/a 8l/100km
• Pay Back 3.5a

Cheap Feedstock Mandatory!
18
Alternative

• Biodiesel
• Own Batch production
• http//www.etruk.com/
• 1000 British Pounds
• Production cost 12p/l
• Plant Oil
• 2500 for the press
• 8000 for dehydration degassing and purifying
  machine

19
Small Scale Biogas

• Option to use existing biogas plants
• Anaerobic Co-digestion
• Biogas offers many ways to use/sell it
• Power
• Fuel
• Heating/Cooling
• Biogas plants offer hygienisation of waste

20
Feedstock
21
Raw Gas Cleaning

• Progress has been made
• No more washing columns
• Molecular sieves
• Debate
• Dilution
• Purity of the Biogas

22
Economy
23
Recommendations

• Optimize
• Feedstock sourcing is very important as well as
  flexible fuel producing facilities- so you may
  follow developments of market prices the better
  if you may control them like it is the case for
  waste
• Strategies should include use of by products
  and so should calculations
• Flexibility
• Change in strategy is possible depending on the
  investment and the pay back period
• Robust set-up
• Dont hesitate to ask questions before
  implementing
• Decision to follow a path should be strategic and
  backed up by a majority allowing the introduction
  of incentives

24
Policy Issues
25
Many Thanks for Your Attention

• Any Questions?
• Need for Clarification?