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1
African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.A.D. 700
African cultures adapt to harsh environments,
spread through major migrations, and establish
powerful kingdoms.
Kuba ceremonial mask, Congo.
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African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.A.D. 700
SECTION 1
Diverse Societies in Africa
SECTION 2
CASE STUDY Migration
The Kingdom of Aksum
SECTION 3
Map
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African peoples develop diverse societies as
theyadapt to varied environments.
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Diverse Societies in Africa
A Land of Geographic Contrasts
Geography of Africa Large continent but
coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets
Challenging Environments Africa has many
deserts, including huge Sahara The southern
edge of the expanding Sahara is called the
Sahel Rainforests found near central part of
continent
Image
Welcoming Lands Northern coast and southern tip
of Africa have Mediterranean climates Savannas
, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa
Image
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Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments
Nomadic Lifestyle Earliest people are nomadic
hunter-gatherers Herders drive animals to find
water, graze pastures
Image
Transition to a Settled Lifestyle Agriculture
probably develops by 6000 B.C. As the Sahara
dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile
Valley Agriculture allows permanent settlement,
governments to develop
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Early Societies in Africa
Societies Organized by Family Groups Extended
families made up of several generations Famili
es with common ancestors form groups known as
clans
Local Religions Early religions usually include
elements of animismbelief in spirits
Keeping a History Few African societies have
written languages History, literature, culture
passed on by storytellers called
griots Cultures in West Africa are advanced
long before outsiders arrive
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West African Iron Age
Learning About the Past Artifacts reveal how
people lived in the past Evidence of
sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500
B.C.
The Nok Culture NokWest Africas earliest
known culture made iron tools, weapons
Image
Djenné-Djeno From 600200 B.C., cities begin to
develop near rivers, oases Djenné-DjenoAfrica
s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in
1977 Bustling trade center linked West African
towns, camel trade routes
Image
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CASE STUDY Bantu-Speaking Peoples
Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking
people brings cultural diffusion and change to
southern Africa.
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Migration
CASE STUDY Bantu-Speaking Peoples
People on the Move
Migration Migrationpermanent move to new
place a pattern in human culture
Causes of Migration Push-pull
factorsConditions that push people out of an
area or pull them in
Chart
Effects of Migration Brings diverse cultures
into contact changes life in the new land
Tracing Migration Through Language One way to
trace migration is to study how languages spread
Africa has many complex language families
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Massive Migrations
Bantu-speaking Peoples Bantu-speaking
peoplesearly Africans who spread culture and
language Originally lived in savanna south of
Sahara now southeastern Nigeria The word
Bantu means the people
Image
Migration Begins Bantu speakers migrate south
and east starting about 3000 B.C. Live by
slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding Share
skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment
Map
Continued . . .
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continued Massive Migrations
Causes of Migration Bantu speakers move to find
farmland, flee growing Sahara Need iron ore
resources and hardwood forests for iron
smelting Within 1,500 years they reach southern
tip of Africa
Effects of the Migration Bantu speakers drive
out some inhabitants intermix with others
Bantu migrations produce a great variety of
cultures Language helps unify the continent
Image
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The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international
trading power and adopts Christianity.
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The Kingdom of Aksum
The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum
Map
Aksums Geography Aksumkingdom replaces Kush
in East Africa blend of Africans,
Arabs Located on Horn of Africa, modern day
Ethiopia and Eritrea Trading kingdom linking
Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes
The Origins of Aksum Land first mentioned in
Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 Rulers take
control of areas around Blue Nile and Red
Sea Dynasty of Aksum rules until 1975 ends
with death of Haile Selassie
Image
Continued . . .
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continued The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum
Aksum Controls International Trade Aksum is hub
for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë Adulis,
chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea,
Indian Ocean
A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom King
Ezanastrong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360
He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now
Yemen In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë
to ground
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An International Culture Develops
Aksum Culture Blended cultural traditions of
Arab peoples and Kushites Adulis population
Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian
Greek is international language Aksumites
trade gold to Rome
Aksumite Religion Believe in one god, Mahrem,
and that king descended from him Are
animistsworship spirits of nature
and ancestors Exposed to Christianity by
traders
Continued . . .
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continued An International Culture Develops
Aksum Becomes Christian Young King Ezana
educated by Christian man from Syria As ruler,
Ezana declares Christianity as kingdoms
official religion Aksum, now part of Ethiopia,
still home to millions of Christians
Image
Aksumite Innovations Written language, minted
coins, irrigation canals and dams Aksumites
invent terrace farming due to hilly location
Terracessteplike ridges constructed on
mountain slopes
Image
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The Fall of Aksum
Islam Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years witnesses
rise of Islam religion Followers of prophet
Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632
Islamic Invaders Between A.D. 632 and 710,
Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone In A.D.
710, they attack port city of Adulis,
causing Aksums decline
Aksum Isolated As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers
move capital to northern Ethiopia Isolation,
soil erosion, deforestation cause loss
of remaining power
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