Smokestacks from factory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (about 1890s).

1
An Industrial Society, 18601914
The growth of industry and big business changes
the nation.
Smokestacks from factory in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (about 1890s).
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2
An Industrial Society, 18601914
SECTION 1
The Growth of Industry
SECTION 2
Railroads Transform the Nation
SECTION 3
The Rise of Big Business
SECTION 4
Workers Organize
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The growth of industry during the years 1860 to
1914 transforms life in America.
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The Growth of Industry
The Industrial Revolution Continues
Drilling for petroleum (oily liquid) spurs oil
industry
Several factors cause industry, factory
production to spread in U.S. - plentiful
natural resources - growing population -
improved transportation
Chart
Continued . . .
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continued The Industrial Revolution Continues
Several factors cause industry, factory
production to spread in U.S. - high
immigration - new inventions - investment
capital - government assistance
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The Business Cycle
Business cycleperiod of good, bad times for
industry, business
Chart
During good times, called booms, people buy,
invest more
During bad times, called busts, people spend,
invest less
U.S. experiences harsh depressions in 1873, 1893
Despite depressions, U.S. industry grows
(18601900)
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Steel The Backbone of Industry
Bessemer steel processnew steel-making method,
uses less coal
Cuts cost of steel, U.S. steel output increases
500 times (18671900)
Begin making many products, including rails for
railroads, from steel
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Edison and Electricity Out of the Dark
Generatorsmachines that produce electric
current
Thomas Edison opens lab (1876) invents devices
that use electricity
Receives over 1,000 U.S. patents
Makes safe, steady light bulb, soon part of NYC
has electric lighting
Image
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Bell and the Telephone
Samuel Morse develops the telegraph (1835)
Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
(1876)
Image
Shows telephone in Philadelphia at Centennial
Exhibition, June (1876)
Centennial Exhibitionexhibition celebrates
100th birthday of U.S.
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Inventions Change Industry
Telephone industry grows, 50,000 telephones
sold by 1880
Switchboard allows more people to connect into
telephone networks
Christopher Latham Sholes invents first
practical typewriter (1867)
Image
Elias Howe invents sewing machine, increases
store-bought clothes
Granville T. Woods patents devices to improve
telephone, telegraph
Margaret Knight invents machines for packaging,
shoemaking
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The railroads tie the nation together, speeds
industrial growth, and changes U.S. life.
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Railroads Transform the Nation
Deciding to Span the Continent
U.S. wants transcontinental railroadspans
entire continent
Two companies build transcontinental
railroad - Central Pacific builds railroad east
from California - Union Pacific builds railroad
west from Nebraska
Railroad companies sell land given to them by
government, raise money
Union Pacific lays first rail, July (1865)
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Building the Railroad
Central Pacific hires thousands of Chinese to
work railroad
Chinese are efficient, hard working, fearless,
healthy
Union Pacific hires mostly former soldiers,
freed slaves, immigrants
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Railroads Tie the Nation Together
Central Pacific workers lay 690 miles of track
Union Pacific workers lay 1,086 miles of track
Central Pacific, Union Pacific railroads join
(May 10, 1869)
Image
Union Pacific-Central Pacific line 1st
transcontinental railroad
By 1895, 4 more U.S. lines are built across the
country
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Railroad Time
Before railroads, each community determines its
own time
Use solar time based on calculations about
suns travels
Problematic for people traveling by train
across time zones
Railroad companies set up standard timedivides
U.S. into 4 time zones
Map
Congress adopts standard time in 1918
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Economic and Social Changes
Railroads change peoples lives in many
ways - links the economies of the West and
East - help people settle the West - weakens
the Native American hold on the West - gives
people more control of the environment
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Business leaders guide industrial expansion and
create new ways of doing business.
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The Rise of Big Business
The Growth of Corporations
Corporationinvestors own part of business
through shares of stock
A corporation has many advantages over
privately owned businesses - raise a lot of
money by selling stock - has special legal
status, banks more likely to loan
money - limits risks to investors
Few U.S. laws regulate corporations, a few big
corporations dominate
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The Oil and Steel Industries
Map
John D. Rockefeller dominates the oil industry
Andrew Carnegie controls the steel industry
Rockefeller creates monopolywipes out
competitors, controls industry
Creates trustlegal body, has stock in
companies, often in 1 industry
Trusts formed in other industries, government
slow to regulate
Rockefeller seen as robber barondishonest
business leader
Continued . . .
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continued The Oil and Steel Industries
Andrew Carnegie beats competition by making
better, cheaper steel
Buys mines that supply his iron ore, buys
ships, railroads that ship ore
Rockefeller, Carnegie are philanthropistsgive
much money to charities
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The Gilded Age
Success of multimillionaires makes others
believe they can grow rich
Horatio Alger writes stories about poor boys
becoming successful
In reality, most people who make millions start
with advantages
For rich, late 1800s was a time of fabulous
wealth
Writers name era the Gilded Age - age has
surface glimmer of wealth - hides societies
problems
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The South Remains Agricultural
In South, industry grows in certain areas
Birmingham, Alabama, develops iron, steel
production
Cotton mills open from southern Virginia to
Alabama
South remains mostly agricultural, often land
rented to sharecroppers
Sharecroppers make little money, struggle to
break free of debt
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To increase their ability to bargain with
management, workers formed labor unions.
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Workers Organize
Workers Face Hardships
Business owners run factories as cheaply as
possible - some require workers to buy own
tools, bring coal to heat factories - others
refuse to buy safety equipment
Use sweatshopsplaces where workers labor long
hours, low pay
Factory, sweatshop work boring, barely earn
enough to pay debts
Image
Labor unionsgroups of workers negotiate for
better conditions, pay
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Early Unions
Knights of Laborfederation of workers from
different trades
U.S. has economic depression (1873), many
workers take pay cuts
West Virginia railroad workers strike with no
union (1877)
Workers in many cities, other industries join
strike, mob violence
Strike ends in 2 weeks, workers take pay cuts
Railroad workers, Knights of Labor strike
(18841885), win
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Union Setbacks
Socialismall members of society are equal
owners of all businesses
Anarchistswant to abolish all governments
Business, government fear unions spread
socialism, anarchy
Try to break unions, hire strikebreakers,
replace striking union members
Haymarket affairunion leaders, police clash,
several are killed
Image
Many union leaders, socialists, anarchists are
arrested
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The Homestead and Pullman Strikes
Andrew Carnegie reduces pay in steel mills,
Homestead, Pennsylvania
Union workers strike, fight with guards, 10
dead, strike collapses
Pullman Company cuts pay, does not reduce rent
for workers housing
Union president Eugene V. Debs starts Pullman
Strike
Image
Pullman Strikeworkers do not handle Pullman
cars
Rail traffic halts, U.S. troops end strike,
Debs is jailed
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Gompers Founds the AFL
Procter Gamble gives workers more time off,
starts profit-sharing
Union leader Samuel Gompers helps start
organization of unions (1886)
Organization of unions is called American
Federation of Labor (AFL)
Using strikes, negotiations, AFL wins better
working hours, pay
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