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Phytoremediation of a Perchloroethylene
Contaminated Site in LaSalle, Illinois, with
Populus Clones- A Field Evaluation
JG Isebrands1, DL Rockwood2, RB Hall3, AS
Lindner2, A Pacheco2, N Brown4, and RM Lange5
1Environmental Forestry Consultants, New London,
WI 54961, efcllc_at_athenet.net, 2University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, 3Iowa State
University, Ames, IA 50011, 4Ecology and
Environment, Chicago, IL 60602, 5Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, LaSalle, IL
61301
INTRODUCTION Populus trees are being used
throughout North America for phytoremediation
(phyto) of chlorinated solvent contaminated soil
and groundwater. Much of the phyto work has been
with only a few poplar clones including the clone
Eugenei (DN-34). One of the challenges of phyto
is to find the proper clone for the specific site
through field evaluations. Another challenge is
to find non-destructive field methods for
assessing solvent uptake. The former LaSalle
Electric Utilities site in LaSalle, IL has an
perchloroethylene (PCE) contaminated plume of
soil and groundwater. Our work is focused on
evaluating the effectiveness of using phyto with
poplar clones at the LaSalle site.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

• Rooted cuttings of 18 Populus clones from Iowa
  State University were planted upon the PCE
  contaminated plume in the spring of 2002
• Replicated randomized block design
• Tree growth, health, and survival was monitored
  several times each year
• In July, 2003 heterotrophic and methanotrophic
  microbes were collected from soil and rhizosphere
  near trees within and outside the plume and
  analyzed with standard methods
• In October, 2003 eight trees from within and
  outside plume were excavated to assess PCE uptake
• Stem cores and disks and branch samples were
  collected for field screening with EE Color Tech
  method and lab gas chromatography

Fig 1. Enumeration of microorganisms in
rhizosphere soil and in/on roots of Poplar I
45/51 trees. PCE site, LaSalle. At low PCE
depths of 30 to 90 cm no roots were observed.
I
Table 2. Comparison of poplar clones at LaSalle
for 20 month height (H, m), DBH (cm), and D2H
(dm3) at LaSalle, percent of Eugenei 20 month D2H
at LaSalle, percent of Eugenei tree volume
regionally, Melampsora leaf rust incidence at
LaSalle in 2002 and relative incidence regionally
(Nnone, Llight, Mmoderate), freeze incidence
(Ttrace, Mmoderage, Ssevere) at LaSalle in
2002, and estimated water uptake (L(gal) at
LaSalle in 2003
Table 1. Identity, pedigree, and origin of 18
poplar clones under evaluation at LaSalle
Electric Utilities, LaSalle, IL
site Clone Pedigree Origin (EExotic) 7300501
P. deltoides Southern Illinois 119.16 P.
deltoides Ohio x (Nebraska x Minnesota) 220-5 P
. deltoides Ohio 252-4 P. deltoides Central
Missouri 42-7 P. deltoides Southern
Indiana 51-5 P. deltoides Southern
Ohio 80x00601 P. deltoides Southern Illinois x
Southern Illinois 80x01015 P. deltoides Southern
Illinois x Southern Illinois 80x01107 P.
deltoides Southern Illinois x Southern
Illinois ISU 25-21 P. deltoides Southern
Illinois x Southern Illinois ISU 25-35 P.
deltoides Southern Illinois x Southern
Illinois ISU 25-R4 P. deltoides Southern
Illinois x Southern Illinois ISU 25-R5 P.
deltoides Southern Illinois x Southern
Illinois Eugenei P. deltoides x P. nigra North
America x Europe I45/51 P. deltoides x P.
nigra North America x Europe Belgian 25 P. nigra
x P. maximowiczii Europe x Japan NM-2 P. nigra x
P. maximowiczii Europe x Japan Crandon P. alba x
P. grandidentata Europe x Southern Iowa

• OBJECTIVES
• OVERALL OBJECTIVE
• To determine the effectiveness of
  phytoremediation with Populus trees to clean up a
  PCE contaminated plume of soil and groundwater at
  the former LaSalle Electric Utilities site in
  LaSalle, IL
• SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
• Compare poplar clone performance for growth,
  water uptake, and PCE uptake, and rank them
  according to the industry standard clone, Eugenei
  (DN-34)
• Determine numbers of microbes capable of
  degrading chlorinated solvents in rhizosphere and
  soil near trees within and outside the PCE plume
• Develop a non-destructive inexpensive field
  method for monitoring PCE uptake in trees

• RESULTS
• Growth of Populus clones at the site was
  impressive average height
• (4.1 m) and diameter (3.3 cm) in 2 years
• Clonal differences in total biomass and water
  uptake were significant,
• and less on the concentrated plume
• Numbers of microorganisms in rhizosphere soil,
  and on poplar roots at
• several depths were greater than control soil
• Significant uptake of PCE was found in stems
  and branches of 3 poplar
• clones
• Lab analyses correlated well with field
  screening using EE Color Tech
• method

• CONCLUSIONS
• Our results including growth, microbe numbers,
  water
• uptake, and PCE uptake indicate poplar clones
  may be
• effective in PCE phytoremediation
• Choice of poplar clone is important
• Poplar trees enhance microbe numbers capable of
  
• degrading chlorinated compounds in rhizosphere
  and
• soil
• Non-destructive field methods for monitoring
  PCE
• uptake show promise

• Acknowledgements Financial and in-kind support
  from
• Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
• Ecology and Environment, Inc., Chicago, IL