Development of Islam

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Development of Islam

• Chris Anderson
• Randolph-Henry High School
• Charlotte County
• andersoncm_at_ccps.k12.va.us

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Development of Islam

• The Islamic faith developed on the Arabian
  Peninsula
• Most of the peninsula is remote desertmaking the
  area safe from attack
• The Arabs in the area were able to develop their
  own civilization and culture

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Development of Islam

• Geography
• The Arabian Peninsula lies between the Red Sea
  and Persian Gulfabout 1 million square miles
• Most of the peninsula is arid plains and deserts
• When it does rain, grasses grow very quickly
• Many oases exist in the region

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Development of Islam

• Early People
• The early Arabs were Bedouinsnomadic herders
• They herded goats, camels, and sheep
• Lived in tents made of camel or goat hair
• The Bedouin lived in tribes, mostly of related
  families
• Family ties were valued because they ensured
  protection and survival

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Development of Islam

• Early People
• A sheikhchiefled each tribe
• The sheikh was advised by a council of elders
• Survival in the desert depending on everyone
  obeying tribal rules
• Warfare was very common among the different
  tribes
• The stealing of the herds led to many
  disagreements

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Development of Islam

• Early People
• The Bedouins believed in retaliationan eye for
  an eye justice
• Blood feuds existed between many tribes

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Development of Islam

• Early People
• AD 500smany tribes began to settle around the
  oases or in fertile areas to form cities
• Many market towns were established
• Yathrib
• Taif
• Mecca (Makkah)the most important trading city

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Development of Islam

• Mecca
• People from all over the Arabian Peninsula to
  Mecca (Makkah) to trade
• Arabs also came to Mecca (Makkah) to worship at
  Arabias holiest shrineKaaba
• The Kaaba contained statues of the many Arab gods

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Development of Islam

• Signs of Change
• Constant contact with the Byzantine Empire
  introduced the idea of monotheism (both Judaism
  and Christianity) to the Arabs
• Many of the idol worshipping Arabs became
  dissatisfied with their own religion
• These Arabs began searching for new religions

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Development of Islam

• Signs of Change
• Hanifs (holy men) began to denounce the idol
  worship and advocate monotheism
• The Hanifs also rejected Judaism and Christianity
• The Hanifs wanted an Arab monotheistic religion
• A new Arab monotheistic aroseIslam --submission
  to the will of Allah (God)

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• The prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca (Makkah)
  around AD 570
• He was orphaned early on and raised by an uncle
• As a teen, he worked as a caravan leader
• He was known as a honest man and able caravan
  leader

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• He married a wealthy widow named Khadijashe was
  much older than he
• He was 25, she was 40
• His marriage to Khadija eliminated all of
  Muhammads financial worries
• He devoted his time to reflecting on the meaning
  of life

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• Muhammad spent a lot of time alone praying,
  fasting, and meditating
• He disliked the worship of idols
• He disliked the immorality of city life
• AD 610Muhammad had a series of revelations
• He heard a voice calling to himthe voice was of
  Allah (God)

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• Allah told Muhammad to Recite!
• Allah also told Muhammad to rise and warn the
  people about divine judgment
• Muhammad had his doubts, but accepted his mission

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• AD 613Muhammad began sharing his ideas with his
  friends and family
• He set out to preach his message to the people of
  Mecca (Makkah)
• He told the people that Allah was the only true
  God
• He warned the people of Mecca (Makkah) to live
  their lives in preparation for judgment

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• Most of the early converts came from Meccas
  (Makkahs) poor
• The majority of the people in Mecca (Makkah)
  rejected Muhammads message
• The wealthy merchants feared monotheism would
  stop people from coming to Mecca (Makkah) and
  threaten the merchants profits
• Meccas (Makkahs) merchants began to persecute
  Muhammad and the Muslims

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• Muhammad continued to preach in Mecca (Makkah)
  until threats were made on his life
• He found solace in the city of Yathrib
• AD 622Muhammad sent 60 Muslim families out of
  Mecca (Makkah) to Yathribcalled the Hijrah
• 622 marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• The people of Yathrib accepted Muhammad as the
  messenger of God and ruler of their city
• The citys name was changed to Madinah

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• AD 624Muhammad created the Madinah Compact
• The law decreed that all Muslims should place
  loyalty to the Islamic community over the tribe
• This was an attempt to end the blood feuds
• Jews and Christians were protected as long as
  they accepted the political authority of the
  Islamic community

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• The Madinah Compact showed that Muhammad was a
  political organizer and wise decision maker
• The Madinah Compact created an Islamic state and
  culture

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• Mecca (Makkah) tried to invade Madinah, but
  failed to take the city
• AD 630Muhammad returned to Mecca (Makkah) with
  is messageactually, it was a military invasion
• This time, he faced little opposition
• Meccas (Makkahs) people accepted Islam and
  acknowledged Muhammad as Allahs prophet

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and
  turned the shrine into a place of worship for
  Muslim pilgrims
• Muhammads preaching began reaching into other
  parts of Arabia
• By 631he had gained the following of the entire
  peninsula

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Development of Islam

• Muhammad
• AD 632Muhammad died
• He left behind 2 major achievements
• A new monotheistic religionIslam
• A well organized political community

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• The Quran (Koran) is the Muslim holy book
• The Quran was created after Muhammads death
• The holy book houses the many conversations
  between Muhammad and the angel Gabriel
• The word Quran means recital

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• The Quran is believed to contain Gods message as
  revealed to the prophet Muhammad
• The Quran has many stories, similar to the Bible
• Noahs Ark
• Jonah and the whale

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• The Quran present the basic moral values of Islam
• Muslims must honor their parents
• Show kindness to neighbors
• Protect orphans and widows

• Give generously to the poor
• Murder, stealing, and lying, and adultery are
  condemned
• Gambling, the eating of pork, and the drinking of
  alcohol are prohibited
• The Quran also has rules for divorce marriage

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• The Quran also presents the Five Pillars of
  Islamthe five essential duties of all Muslims
• Faith
• Prayer
• Fasting
• The giving of alms
• Pilgrimage

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• 1.) Faith
• the belief in Allahthe one true, merciful God
• 2.) Prayer
• Muslims must pray 5 times a day facing
  Meccasunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, and
  evening

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• 3.) Fasting
• Occurs during the month of Ramadanthe 9th month
  in the Muslim calendar
• Muslims must not eat or drink from sunrise to
  sunset

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• 4.) Alms giving
• Charity
• Wealth should be used to assist the poor and weak
• Practiced privately through contributions or
  through a state tax

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Development of Islam

• Muslim beliefs and practices
• 5.) Pilgrimage
• Every Muslim is to make a trip to Mecca before
  they die
• The trip is called a hajj

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Spread of Islam

• When Muhammad died, he left no instructions on
  who would succeed him as leader of Islam
• The Muslims knew no one could replace Muhammad as
  a messenger to God
• Muhammads replacement would be a political
  leader over the Islamic state

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Spread of Islam

• Muhammads successors would be known as caliphs
  (successors)
• The caliphs were successors as political leaders,
  not as prophets
• The 1st 4 caliphs were called the Rightly Guided
  Caliphs
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs were friends or
  relatives of Muhammad

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Spread of Islam

• The 1st Rightly Guided CaliphAbu Bakr
• Muhammads father-in-law and close friend
• The last Rightly Guided CaliphAli
• Muhammads son-in-law
• The Rightly Guided Caliphs followed Muhammads
  example and kept in close contact with the people

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Spread of Islam

• The Rightly Guided Caliphs wanted to protect and
  spread Islam
• They used military expeditions to spread Islam
  beyond the Arabian Peninsula
• Arab armies swept forth against the weakened
  Byzantine and Persian empires
• By 650the Muslims had taken Palestine, Syria,
  Iraq, Persia, and Egypt

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Division within Islam

• Rival groups were fighting for control over the
  caliphate (seat of the caliph)
• The struggle began under the reign of the 4th
  caliphAliin 656
• One of Alis most powerful rivals was
  Muawiyahthe governor of Syria
• Muawiyah was also the nephew of the 3rd Caliph
  who had been murdered

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Division within Islam

• Muawiyah accused Alis followers of the killing
  of his uncle
• Ali tried to depose Muawiyah, but Muawiyah
  refused to step down
• Muawiyah quickly took over Egypt and parts of
  Iraq
• 661Ali was murdered
• Alis oldest son turned down the caliphate

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Division within Islam

• Muawiyah made himself caliph and established the
  Umayyad Dynasty
• Alis followersknown as Shiitesnever accepted
  Muawiyah as the new caliph
• All of the violence led to a split in Islam
• Shiites (Shia)
• Sunni

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Division within Islam

• Sunni Muslims
• The majority of the worlds Muslims
• The caliph can be any devout Muslim who is
  accepted by the people

• Shiite (Shia) Islam
• Live mostly in Iraq and Iran
• The caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad

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Umayyad Dynasty

• The Umayyad Dynasty ruled over the Islamic State
  from 661 to 750
• The Umayyads moved the capital from Madinah to
  Damscus, Syria
• Umayyad warriors carried Islam into India and
  China, parts of North Africa, into Spain, and
  southern areas of Christian Europe

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Umayyad Dynasty

• By 716the Muslims controlled nearly all of Spain
• The Muslims pushed halfway into France before
  they were stopped at the Battle of Tours in 732
• The Battle of Tours halted the spread of Islam
  into Western Europe

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Umayyad Dynasty

• The Umayyads built a very powerful Islamic State
• The Umayyad united the lands they ruled
• Used a civil service system
• They improved conditions for Jews and Christian
  under their rule
• The Jews and Christians were tolerated as long as
  they paid a tax to the Umayyad leaders

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Umayyad Dynasty

• Non-Arab Muslims disliked Umayyad rule
• The non-Arab Muslims paid higher taxes, received
  lower wages, and were discriminated against
• 747non-Arab Muslims joined with anti-Umayyad
  Arabs
• They built an army and overthrew the Umayyad
  dynasty

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Abbasid Dynasty

• A new caliph was put in placeAbul-Abbas
• Abul-Abbas established the Abbasid Dynasty
• He built a new capital in Baghdadalong the
  Tigris River
• The Abbasids ruled the Islamic state from 750 to
  1258

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Abbasid Dynasty

• Under the Abbasids, the lands the Umayyads
  conquered slowly slipped away
• By the 1000s, the Abbasids ruled little more than
  the city of Baghdad
• 1055Baghdad was captured by the Seljuk Turks
• 1100sChristian soldiers (crusaders) from western
  Europe were in a Holy War against Islam

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Abbasid Dynasty

• 1258the Mongols from Asia invaded Baghdad
• The Mongols ended the Abbasid Dynasty

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Family Life
• The Quran told Muslims that men are responsible
  for women
• Women were considered wives, mothers, daughters,
  or sisters to the male family members

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Family Life
• Womens standing in society did improve some
• The tribal custom of killing daughters was ended
• Women could control their own property
• Many women learned to read and write

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Family Life
• Women were expected to stay at home and care for
  the house
• Women did not go into public except to go
  shopping and to the mosque
• Girls usually married young

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Family Life
• Islamic society was a mans world
• Men could have up to 4 wives
• The wives were to be treated equally
• Muslim men worked in business or on farms
• Men went to public baths and meeting places to
  talk for leisure

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Education
• Muslim boys at age 7 entered Mosque schools
• The schools cost very little and were open to all
  boys
• Muslims valued the ability to speak and write
  Arabic fluently
• Wealthy young men continued their education at
  Madrasastheological schools

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Urban Centers
• City homes were designed for privacy and to keep
  the people cool in the extreme heat
• The main government, religious, and business
  buildings were located in the center of the city
• The city skyline was dominated by the silhouettes
  of the mosques

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Urban Centers
• Muslim mosques had slender towersminarets
• Mosques contained schools and shelters for the
  Muslim people

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Urban Centers
• Muslim merchants dominated trade in the Middle
  East and North Africa until the 1400s
• Goods were traded in the city bazaars and markets

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Islamic Civilization and Culture

• Rural Areas
• Growing food for the Islamic state was very
  difficult
• The climate was dry
• Water was scarce
• Farmers made good use of the few areas that would
  sustain crops
• Farmers used many methods to produce surpluses
• Irrigation
• Crop rotation
• fertilization

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Islamic Achievements

• House of Wisdom
• Founded by the Abbasid caliphMamun
• Founded in Baghdad in AD 830
• It was a research center and library
• Scientific experiments were conducted at the
  House of Wisdom
• Greek, Persian, and Indian texts were translated
  into Arabic

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Islamic Achievements

• Mathematics
• Muslim mathematicians adopted the Indians numbers
  and the zero, calling the numbers Arabic numerals
• Muslim mathematicians invented Algebra
• Muslim mathematicians spent hours solving
  complicated mathematical puzzles

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Islamic Achievements

• Astronomy and Geography
• Muslim astronomers made mathematical models of
  the universe
• They described eclipses of the sun and moon
• They also proved the moon had an effect on the
  ocean

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Islamic Achievements

• Astronomy and Geography
• Muslim astronomers improved the astrolabeused to
  help navigate
• Astronomers measured the size and circumference
  of the earth
• By the 1100sMuslim geographers had determined
  the basic outlines of Asia, Europe, and North
  Africa

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Islamic Achievements

• Chemistry and Medicine
• Al-Razi was a Muslim scientist who classified
  chemical substances as either animal, mineral, or
  vegetable
• Al-Razi also wrote an encyclopedia devoted to
  medicine which described different diseases
• Doctor Ibn Sina wrote the Canon of Medicine
  outlining all medical knowledge of the time
• The volume described the circulation of blood
• It offered diagnosis and treatment for many
  diseases

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Islamic Achievements

• Chemistry and Medicine
• Muslim physicians created the science of
  opticsstudy of sight
• Muslim medicine was centuries ahead of western
  medicine

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Islamic Achievements

• Art and Architecture
• Muslim religion would not allow images of
  creatures or humans to be displayed on or in the
  mosques
• Muslim artists used Arabic script to decorate the
  mosques
• The calligraphy would be accompanied by geometric
  designs entwined with leaves, stems, and flowers
• These type of decorations are called arabesques

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Islamic Achievements

• Literature
• The Quran set the standard by which other Arabic
  literature would be judged
• Kalila and Dimnaa collection of animal fables
  that taught moral lessons
• Arabian Nights

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Islamic Achievements

• Philosophy and History
• Muslim philosophers tried to create systems of
  thought that would reconcile the teachings of the
  Quran with Greek philosophy
• Islamic historians wrote chronicles of history
  and later organized history around the lives of
  their rulers