NANOSCIENCE Thinking Small to Do Big Things

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NANOSCIENCEThinking Small to Do Big Things

• Presented by
• Connie Churchill
• and
• Auste Vygantas

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Resources and Credits

• University of Wisconsin at Madison Materials
  Research Science and Engineering Center
• http//www.mrsec.wisc.edu/nano
• This site includes a wealth of visuals and
  information. It is also the source of the
  Exploring the Nanoworld Kit you will be using.

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Resources and Credits

• Northwestern University Institute for
  Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology/Nanoscience Materials World
  Module (Teacher Edition, Beta Version) c. 2003
• Alyson Whitney (Chemistry graduate student)
  provided several of the PowerPoint slides you
  will see
• Hilary Godwin (Chemistry Chair) donated the
  materials for activities C and E
• Korin Wheeler (Chemistry graduate student)-
• provided additional information from the
  Nanotechnology Module

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What Is A Nanometer?
Hair 100 mm
(m)
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-4
10-5
10-7
10-8
10-9
cm
mm
mm
nm
Raindrop 1 mm
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Now Entering The NANO-ZONE
Gold Particles 13 nm 50 nm
Bacteriophage 60-70 nm
80
100
60
40
20
1
(nm)
Flu Virus 100 nm
DNA Diameter 2 nm
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Powers of Ten

• Activity A Exploring Powers of Ten
• from Exploring the Nanoworld LEDs in Traffic
  Lights
• http//www.powersof10.com

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Nanotechnology Is Not A New Phenomenon
The Lycurgus Cup 4th Century A.D.
Green Reflected Light
Red Transmitted Light
Image of silver/gold nanoparticle in the
Lycurgus cup
The British Museum. http//www.thebritishmuseum.ac
.uk/ (March 2004)
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Why Is NanoScience Popular Now

• Richard Feynmans Presentation Dec 29, 1959
• There is plenty of room at the bottom
• In the year 2000, when they look back at this
  age, they will wonder why it was not until the
  year 1960 that anybody began seriously to move in
  this direction.
• http//www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
• Feynman Prizes

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Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom
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Why Is NanoScience Popular Now

• Development of Tools Seeing and
  Manipulating at the Nano-Level
• STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy)
• AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)
• Activity B Probing Surfaces

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Activity B - Probing Surfaces
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Activity B Probing Surfaces
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Which One?
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Seeing Atoms
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Seeing Atoms

• http//www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/catalogue.html

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Changing Properties by Changing Size

• Activity C Directions (see written directions)
• Activity D Directions (see written directions
  this activity is actually a demonstration done by
  the workshop leaders)
• Discussion

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Why Is Nanotechnology So Cool?
Bulk Gold mp 1064 C Color gold
1 nm gold particles mp 700 C lmax 420 nm
Color brown-yellow
20 nm gold particles mp 1000 C lmax 521 nm
Color red
100 nm gold particles mp 1000 C lmax 575
nm Color purple-pink
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Applications

• Sunscreens
• Diagnostics
• Automobile Converters
• Self-Cleaning Windows

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Activity E - Nanolithography

• Background
• Directions
• Discussion series vs parallel fabrication
• Applications computer chips

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Nanofabrication Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up
If you could make one slice per minute, how long
would it take you to cut a dime into 1 nm
slices? 1,000,000,000 seconds or 31.7 years
If you could add one atom per second, how long
would it take to create a 13 nm gold (Au)
colloid? 540,000 seconds per colloid
or 6,250,000,000 days to make a billion colloidal
nanoparticles
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Nanofabrication Serial vs. Parallel
Serial Fabrication
Nanoscience
Parallel Fabrication
Nanoscience
Nanoscience
Nanoscience
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Nanosphere Lithography Technique

• Drop Nanosphere
• Solution

1. Clean Substrate
3. Dry
6. Image Nanostructures
5. Remove Nanospheres
4. Deposit Metal
5000 nm
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Nanosphere Lithography Technique
Atomic Force Microscope Image
125 nm
Hole in Mask
5000 nm
Nanosphere (Diameter 400 nm)
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Size Scale Comparison
Nanosphere Diameter 400 nm
Aggregated Colloids Diameter 100 nm
Single Gold (Au) Colloid Diameter 13 nm
Gold (Au) Atom Diamter 0.32 nm
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Activity E Procedure

• Build a triangular template using craft sticks.
  Use the masking tape to fasten the sticks at the
  corners.
• Cut a piece of contact paper approximately 5 x
  5 and place sticky side up flat on the counter
  top. You may also want to secure it in place
  with some masking tape.
• Place the template onto the contact paper and
  pack the nanospheres into the template.

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Activity E Procedures

• 4. Look through the mask to see the resulting
  nanoparticles sprinkle with a small amount of
  talcum powder. Carefully remove the spheres and
  frame.
• 5. Cover the top surface of contact paper with
  colored construction paper.
• 6. Turn over and note pattern
• 7. Vary the template shape, nanosphere size,
  and other factors to create other nanoparticle
  geometries.

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Template 1
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Pattern Produced from Template 1
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Can you make pattern 2 ?
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Solution for Challenge Pattern 2
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Can you make pattern 2 ?
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Solution for Challenge Pattern 3
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Can you make pattern 4?
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Solution for Challenge Pattern 4
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Nanostructures
Carbon Nanotubes
Noble Metal Nanoparticles
Sun, Y. Xia, Y. Science 2002, 298, 2176.
Courtesy of the Van Duyne group
CdSe Quantum Dots
Baughman, R. H. Zakhidov, A. A. de Heer, W. A.
Science 2002, 297, 787 Vigolo, B Penicuad, A.
Coulon, C. Sauder, C. Pailler, R Journey, C.
Bernier, P. Poulin, P. Science 2000, 290, 1331
Courtesy of Liza Babayon
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Carbon Nanotubes Crossbar array of a set of
parallel CNTs on a substrate and a set of
perpendicular CNTs suspended on a periodic array
of supports.
Each cross point corresponds to a device element.
Well-defined OFF and ON states. Switching
between ON and OFF states can take place by
charging the nanotubes to produce attractive or
repulsive electrostatic forces. Molecular scale
electromechanical devices!
C.M. Lieber et. al. Science 2000, 289, 94.
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Memory Metals

• Made of a Ni and Ti alloy
• Discovery
• Activity E
• Whats Happening see hot and cold models on
  p.19 of Exploring the Nanoworld booklet

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Memory Metal Uses(Eye Glass Frames and Braces)
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Memory Metal Uses(Surgical Stents)
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Memory Metal Art
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Memory Metal Art
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Bucky Balls(Buckministerfullerenes)

• Possible Uses
• In Medicine
• In Electronics
• In Optics
• As Hairy Balls