Reaction and Revolution

1
Reaction and Revolution

• Section 2

2
And then

• After revolutionary war years in France, Europe
  wanted to return to conservative, government
  powered nations
• Liberals and nationalists want to move away from
  conservative governments and revolt to achieve
  new, liberal nations

3
The Congress of Vienna

• Main idea
• To achieve balance and strengthen conservatism,
  European leaders met to redraw borders

4
Congress of Vienna

• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia met in
  September 1814 for a peace settlement
• Prince von Metternich
• Influential leader at Congress of Vienna
• Rearrange territories
• Keep one country from dominating others
• Wanted to restore monarch to powerful positions
• This would ensure stability and peace

5
Conservatism

• Based on tradition and belief in the value of
  social stability
• Favored obedience to political authority
• Organized religion order in society
• Cons
• Do not listen to peoples demands
• No revolutions no negotiations

6
Concert of Europe

• To maintain peace and stability
• Great Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria agreed
  to meet
• Meetings ? concert of Europe

• The Congress System's first primary objectives
  were to
• contain France no war
• achieve a balance of power between Europe's great
  powers
• uphold the Congress of Vienna and in doing so
• prevent the rise of another Napoleon-esque figure
  
• Why?

7
Principle of Intervention

• Powers have ability to send armies in order to
  preserve monarchs power
• Britain said NO
• Should not interfere in other states businesses
• History of crushing other revolutions
• Restore monarchy in Spain and Italy

8
Forces of Change

• Main idea
• Unhappy with the current system, liberals and
  nationalists conflict with conservatives
• Both groups are working to over power the other
  side

9
Liberalism

• Belief that people should be as free as possible
  from government restraint
• Grew out of Enlightenment
• Appealed to educated young people, deprived urban
  poor, unhappy serfs, and some middle class
  citizens

10
Liberalism Political Belief

• Protection of basic rights of all people
• Equality before the law
• Freedom of speech, assembly and press
• Religious toleration
• Separation of church and state
• Right to peaceful operation
• Believed in representative assembly elected by
  voters
• Wanted government ruled by constitution
• Did not believe in democracy ? only men with
  property can vote
• Did not want lower classes to share power or have
  mob mentality

11
Nationalism

• More powerful than liberalism why?
• Arose as people began to identify with a
  community based on language, institution, or
  customs ? a nation
• Loyalty should go to nation, not king

12
Nationalism

• Each wanted to form their own nation
• This was a threat to existing political order
• Conservatives feared change ? repress nationalism
  
• Became allies with liberalism
• Can only be ruled by similar people
• Should not be able to dominate each other

13
Revolutionary Outbursts

• Nationalism and liberalism wear down conservative
  domination
• There are major revolutions
• France
• Belgium
• Poland
• Italy

14
Revolutions

• France (1830)
• Bourbon monarch Charles X was overthrown and
  replaced with constitutional monarchy
• Belgium (1815)
• Broke away from Dutch Republic
• Poland
• Failed to break away from Russia
• Italy
• Failed to break away from Austria

15
How did liberalism and nationalism present a
challenge to the conservative domination of
Europe in early 1800s?

• In France
• Liberals overthrew Charles X and establish a
  constitutional monarchy
• Nationalism
• Force of revolutions in 1830
• Revolts
• Belgium became independent while Poland and Italy
  failed in their attempts

16
Revolutions of 1848

• Main Idea
• Revolutionary thoughts quickly spread throughout
  Europe but were met with oppositions
• Conservative power still on top ? not for long as
  liberals and nationalists want change

17
Group Activity

• In groups

18
Another French Revolution

• 1846
• Economic conditions brought hardship to lower
  middle class, workers and peasants
• Proletarians were mostly anticapitalist and
  antibourgeois
• Middle class wants right to vote

19
Change!

• Monarchy is overthrown ? temporary republican
  government established
• Wanted elections
• Universal male suffrage all adult men could vote
  
• Employment
• Create workshops for unemployed people to learn
  new skills ? drained treasury

20
French Changes

• When treasury was failing
• Workers took to the streets in protest
• 4 days later
• Thousands were killed
• Thousands sent to prison in Algeria, North Africa
• Constitution
• Set up 2nd Republic
• 4 year term president ? elect Louis Napoleon who
  favored social order and change

21
Trouble in German States

• Congress of Vienna recognized 38 German States ?
  German Confederation
• Austria and Prussia were great powers
• 1848
• Changes occurred ? promised constitutions, free
  press, jury trials, and other liberal reforms

22
Frankfurt Assembly

• May 1848
• Wanted to unite German states
• Set up parliamentary government and hereditary
  emperor (w/ a limited monarchy)
• Failed to get support
• Leader refused to accept throne and unification
  failed

23
Revolutions in Central Europe

• Empire was multinational state
• March 1848
• Demonstrations erupted in major cities
• To pacify things von Metternich fled to England
• Hungary won its own legislature
• Vienna was awarded constitution
• Czechs wanted own government

24
June 1848

• Austria negotiate and get control
• Crushed Prague
• Rebels in Vienna were defeated
• Regained control

25
Italian States

• Congress of Vienna set up 9 Italian States
• 1848 ? unite Italy
• 1849 ? re established control

26

• Conservative order was reestablished
• Revolts for liberal constitutions and governments
• Moderate liberals and radical revolutionaries
  fought each other
• They are not done yet

27
National Unification and Nationalism

• Section 3

28
Toward National Unification

• Main idea rise of nationalism unified Italy and
  Germany
• - revolutions of 1848 failed but by 1871 both
  Italy and Germany united

29
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe

• Crimean War was result of conflicts with Russia
  and the Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire was losing control over their
  section of the Balkans in Southeastern Europe
• Russia was eagerly watching because they wanted
  control of territory in the Balkans that would
  give access to the water ? more power

30
Its War!

• Crimean War
• In 1853 Russia invaded Balkan provinces and the
  Turks declared war on Russia
• Great Britain and France declared war on Russia
  because they were fearful of Russia becoming too
  powerful later the next year

31
Crimean War

• War was not planned well or fought well
• Russia surrenders and seeks peace

32
Treaty of Paris

• Signed in March 1856
• Russia agreed to allow Moldavia and Walachia to
  be protected by powers

33
Effect

• Effect of Crimean War was to destroy Concert of
  Europe
• Austria and Russia became enemies
• Russia withdraws from European affairs
• Austria left with no powerful allies
• This is will lead to Italy and Germany uniting

34
Italian Unification

• Austria still top power
• Kingdom of Piedmont is ruled by royal house of
  Savoy
• After failed revolt, Piedmont becomes focus for
  leader to unite states

35
The plans include

• King of Piedmont names di Cavour prime minister
• Di Cavour
• Pursued economic expansion
• increase govt revenues and build a large army
• Made alliance with French
• ensure strength against Austrians
• Next he declared war on Austria

36
After warpeace?

• Nice and Savoy are given to France for their help
• Lombardy was given to Piedmont while Austria
  maintained Venetia
• This success led other Italian states to revolt
  and join Piedmont

37
Result of Garibaldis March

• In Southern Italy
• Garibaldi, a new leader, drew troops to create
  Red Shirts
• Brought troops into Sicily and Naples to maintain
  stability after they broke into revolt under the
  Bourbon dynasty
• Once he conquered the Two Sicilies ? he gave
  winnings to Piedmont
• Further unified Italian states

38

• Unification was not complete
• Austria still held Venetia
• Rome was under French control via the Pope

39
Land conquests

• In the Austro- Prussian war of 1866
• Italians allied with Prussia
• Italians gained control of Venetia

• In the Franco-Prussian war of 1870
• French troops withdrew from Rome
• They got Rome, which became the capital

40
German Unification

• German looks for Prussia for help
• Strong and wealthy state
• Government became authoritarian with a king
• Relied on victorious military strength
• Which was not suppose to get more funding
  according to legislature

41
Otto von Bismarck

• New prime minister entrusted to support
  military funding
• Was a practitioner of real-politik (realistic)
• Was vocal about whom he disliked
• Raised money for military matters and ruled
  without parliaments approval
• Coerced countries into war

42

• Defeated Denmark
• Gained Schleswig and Holstein
• Austria
• Turned into enemies and were defeated

43
Southern States Unite

• Prussia created Northern German Confederation so
• Although south feared Prussia, they feared France
  more and allied with Prussia
• This worries France as they fear Prussia becoming
  too powerful and uniting German states

44
Franco-Prussian War

• Prussia and France engage in war after conflict
  over new king of Spain
• France worried Prussia would then control Spain

45
Was France strong enough?

• France could not compete against Prussian forces
• Forces entered France with Southern German states
  assistance
• At Sedan on 9/2/1870 Napoleon III and forces were
  captured

46
Peace Treaty

• Paris surrendered
• Treaty was signed in May
• France had to pay 5 billion francs (about 1
  billion)
• And give up Alsace and Lorraine ? this will cause
  damages

47
German States

• William I was announced kaiser of the 2nd German
  Empire at Versailles
• Prussia was able to unite German states
• Authoritarian and militaristic values were
  successful in the German state
• New strongest power in Europe