Brief Review

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Brief Review

• Emotion physiological, cognitive, behavioral,
  subjective components
• Basic emotions
• Survival and social functions
• Moral emotions
• Social functions (survival indirectly

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What Causes Emotional Experience?

• Common sense view
• Event ? emotional feeling ? action/physiology

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What Causes Emotional Experience?

• James-Lang (1890) view
• Event ? action/physiology ? emotional feeling
• We feel fear because were running!
• Modern interpretation of James/Lang
• Event ? cognitive appraisal? ? physiology/behavior
  ? emotional feeling

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What Causes Emotional Experience?

• Cannon-Bard (1927)
• Problems with James-Lang
• Feelings sometimes precede physiology
• Same physiology ? different emotions

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What Causes Emotional Experience?

• Cannon-Bard (1927)
• Physiology, behavior, feelings are independent
• At best, mixed empirical support

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Theories Applied to Fear

• James-Lange
• My hearts pounding.
• So I must be scared.

• Cannon-Bard
• Im scared.
• My hearts pounding too.

• James-Lange Revised
• Im in danger.
• My hearts pounding.
• So I must be scared.

• Schachter-Singer
• Im scared.
• My hearts pounding.
• So I must be really scared.

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Concluding Comments

• Emotions are responses to the environment
• Emotions have functions
• Specific emotions have specific functions
• Emotions are relevant to many (nearly all)
  domains of life

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Personality
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Whats Personality?

• Think of your best friend. How would you describe
  his or her personality?

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Personality Definition

• Non-technical definition of personality
• A persons general style of thinking, feeling,
  and behaving
• Technical definition
• Personality is the system of enduring, inner
  characteristics of individuals that contributes
  to consistency in their thoughts, feelings, and
  behavior (Leary, 2005).

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Questions In Personality Psychology

• How are we different from each other?
• What theories best explain these differences?
• What are the consequences of these differences?

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Major Theories

• Psychoanalytic
• Cognitive/learning
• Trait
• Self

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Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
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Freud and the Unconscious
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Psychoanalytic Defense Mechanisms

• Displacement
• Denial
• Intellectualization
• Suppression
• Repression

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A Few Examples

• Bobby Knight
• Senator Larry Craig

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Psychoanalytic Defense Mechanisms

• Defense mechanisms
• Unhealthy
• Require energy
• Avoid real problem

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Freudian Slips

• "A Freudian slip is like saying one thing, but
  meaning your mother."
• People of Detroit

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Psychoanalysis

• Unearth hidden intrapsychic conflicts
• Free association dream analysis
• Long, time-consuming
• Little evidence for efficacy
• Controversy about psychosexual stages

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Cognitive Learning

• Cognitive learning theory
• Reinforcement, punishment
• Emphasis on external environment

• Walter Mischel
• Albert Bandura

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Cognitive Learning

• Cognitive
• Self-efficacy
• Expectancies and beliefs
• Goals and values
• These qualities cause consistency

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Cognitive Learning

• Strengths
• Can predict differences across situations
• Explains origins of personality
• Weaknesses
• Ignores unconscious
• Role of biology/genetics unclear

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The Trait Paradigm

• Focuses on how people differ from each other
• Lexical hypothesis
• All important traits must have been encoded in
  language (Gordon Allport)

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Stability

• Stable attributes of personality (trait vs. state)

George was a good little monkey and always very
curious
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Traits
Easy-going
Intellectual
Loving
Talkative
Timid
Arrogant
Calm
Kind
Dominant
Conservative
Aloof
Shy
Friendly
Impulsive
Reserved
Cheerful
Grouchy
Nice
Fearless
Diligent
Curious
Confident
Agreeable
Reserved
Irritable
Affectionate
Calm
Jumpy
Anxious

• English - 2,800 trait terms

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Big Five Dimensions of Personality

• Openness to new experiences
• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism

OCEAN
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Openness - imaginative, with wide interests

• I often try new and foreign foods
• I often enjoy playing with theories or abstract
  ideas
• Predicts desire for challenges, frequency of
  changing jobs

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Conscientiousness - organized, thorough

• I strive for excellence in everything I do
• I am a productive person who always gets the job
  done
• Predicts job performance (Ones, 1993), grades,
  educational attainment, low use of alcohol
  (Paunonen, 2003)

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Extraversion - talkative, energetic, assertive

• I like to have a lot of people around me
• I laugh easily
• I like to be where the action is
• Predicts positive emotions (Watson et al., 2002),
  dating frequency, exercise, partying, alcohol
  intake (Paunonen, 2003)

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Agreeableness - sympathetic, kind

• I try to be courteous to everyone I meet
• I would rather cooperate with others than compete
  with them
• Predicts positive emotions (DeNeve Cooper,
  1998), low stress (Rantanen at e., 2005),
  perceived support (Branje et al., 2004)

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Neuroticism - tense, anxious, moody

• When Im under a great deal of stress, sometimes
  I feel like Im going to pieces
• I often feel tense and jittery
• Associated with anxiety, depression, physical
  illness (McCrae Costa, 1991)