GRAMMAR YEAH

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GRAMMAR- YEAH!

• The Magic Lens

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Grammar is

• A Way of thinking about language.

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The Term Total

• Parts of Speech
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Adjective
• Verb
• Adverb
• Conjunction
• Preposition
• Interjection

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Term Total

• Parts of a sentence
• Subject
• Predicate
• Direct object
• Indirect object
• Subject complement

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A Term Total

• Phrases
• Preposition
• Appositive
• Verbal
• Clauses
• Independent
• Dependent

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Lets start at the very beginning

• Noun a person, place, or thing (or idea)
• Proper noun capitalized
• Common noun not!
• Plural multiple things
• Singular individual things (duh)
• Practice sentence
• Americans awaited a quiet summer.
• What is the noun in this sentence?

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Pronouns the next step

• A subject is subject and an object is an object!
• The subject of a sentence uses a subject pronoun
• The object uses an object pronoun
• (how easy is this?)

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Pronouns cont.

• Subject pronouns
• I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they
• Object pronouns
• Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
• Example sentence
• I am he who aches of amorous love.

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The others

• Possessive pronouns-used to show possession
• My, you, his, her, its, our, their
• These DO NOT need apostrophes!
• Example Jon lost HIS dog.
• Interrogative pronoun-used to ask questions
• Who, whose, whom, which, what
• Demonstrative pronouns used to demonstrate!
• This, that, these, those

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WATCH OUT!

• Tricky words
• Its versus Its
• Its is a possessive pronoun. Use it instead of
  the noun.
• Its a conjunction for it is
• Its too late to lock its cage.
• Who versus Whom
• Who is the subject (usually goes at the
  beginning) whom is the object (usually at the
  end)
• Who saw whom?
• There versus Their versus Theyre
• There- place (usually far off)
• Their- possessive
• Theyre- they are

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ADJECTIVES

• Adjective a word that modifies a noun or pronoun
• Modify? to modify is to change
• For example if you have a frozen summit (a
  summit is a mountain, in this case), it is much
  different than having a political summit (which
  is a gathering of politicians- similar to a
  meaning)
• Adjectives are needed to make your sentences
  interesting!!

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Cheat Sheet

• An adjective CANNOT EXIST without a noun! For
  instance, if you see the in a sentence, theres
  going to be a noun in your sentence somewhere
  (the red car)
• Every adjective belongs to a noun. Find the
  adjective, find the noun!

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Three degrees of separation

• Many adjectives change degrees
• Positive good (or hot)
• Comparative better (hotter)
• Superlative best (hottest)
• Proper adjectives are made after proper nouns
  England makes English, Spain makes Spanish, etc.
  This is how you know whether or not you need to
  capitalize your adjective.

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Articles

• There are three articles you need to know about
• The (a definitive article- THE red car)
• a and an (indefinite articles- a red car, an
  appleyoure not sure which car or which apple)

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Four-Level analysis

• From Aldous Huxleys Brave New World
• copy this sentence on your paper
• He had a long chin and big, rather prominent
  teeth.

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VERBS!

• Verb A word that shows action, being, or links a
  subject to a subject complement.
• The verb tells what the noun does or is
• If the verb is an action verb, then it might show
  action on a direct object (ie Michael composed
  the opera) or it may not (ie Michael composed.)
• If the verb is a linking verb, then it might link
  the subject to a subject complement. (ie He is.
  He is a poet)
• Most verbs to on of two things show actions are
  show equations I saw him. / I am he.

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More to know verbs

• A verb is also called a predicate
• There are 4 principle parts of the verb
• Infinitive to do, to go, to think, etc.
• Present participle doing, going, thinking
• Past did, went, thought
• Past participle done, gone, thought
• Irregular verbs
• Dont follow this pattern you have to memorize
  them (shrink, shrinking, shrank, shrunk)

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Verb tenses- six and only six

• Six verb tenses
• Present (protest)
• Past (protested)
• Future (will protest)
• Present perfect (have protested)
• Past perfect (had protested)
• Future perfect (will have protested)
• Why are they called perfect? This comes from the
  Latin word perficere to finish. These words
  indicate that these things have been finished
  already.

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Progressive Verbs

• Each of the six tenses can be progressive by
  adding and ing on them. This means that the
  actions are still happening
• Present progressive I am protesting.
• Past progressive I was protesting.
• Future progressive I will be protesting.
• Present perfect progressive I have been
  protesting.
• Past perfect progressive I had been protesting.
• Future perfect progressive I will have been
  protesting.

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Four-level analysis

• From Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray
• He was brilliant, fantastic, irresponsible.
• Write this sentence on your own sheet of paper
  and label it.