Democracy 2

1
Democracy 2
2
Roadmap

• Democracy ?
• Preconditions for democracy?
• Third Wave causes?
• Democratic transition and consolidation
• Democracy and public policies

3
I. Democracy

• (1) Origins
• Demos (people) kratia (rule)
• Initially, a direct form of self-government
• (2) Currently, a system of government in which
  the majority of the people rule but the rights of
  the minority are protected
• (Liberal Democracy)

4
(3) Democracy ?

• Minimalist vs. maximalist definitions
• Minimalist (electoralist) definition electoral
  democracy
• Electoral democracy semi-democracy
• Electoral democracies
• Free fair elections
• - Human rights violations
• of electoral democracies in the world has
  tripled since 1974

5
Full (liberal) democracy

• Inclusive citizenship
• Rule of law
• Freedom of expression
• Free and fair elections
• Equality in voting
• Citizen control of the agenda
• Freedom of association
• Civilian control over the security forces

6
(No Transcript)
7
Substantive democracy

• Not only procedures, but also policy outcomes
• E.g., equal access to public schooling and health
  care
• ? India not a full democracy
• (India is a liberal democracy it is not a
  substantive democracy)
• Is India a democratic under-achiever?

8
II. Democracy prerequisites

• (1) Social and economic modernization
• (2) Class structure
• (3) Military
• (4) Political culture
• (5) Colonial legacy and/or democratic traditions

9
II.1. Social economic modernization

• Economic development
• Literacy/education
• Democracy
• Mass communication
• Urbanization

10
II.2. Class structure

• Middle class ? Democracy
• Why?
• (i) Moderation
• neither too leftist (working class)
• nor too Conservative (upper class)
• (ii) Political organizational skills
  (education)
• Europe vs. Latin America

11
Latin America?

• literacy
• urbanization
• economic development
• economic inequality ? weak middle class
• powerful, independent military

12
II. 3. Military Politics

• Example Turkey
• In Turkey, the military is an independent
  institution with a political role
• No civilian control
• By law, the military has the right to intervene
  in politics
• (Other examples Indonesia, Latin America)

13
II.4. Political Culture

• Commitment to protection of dissident political
  beliefs (esp. the elite)
• What makes political culture democratic?
• (Protestantism)
• Western Christianity
• Islam?
• Democratic gap Muslim or Arab?
• Religious national political culture can and do
  change
• Democratic culture ? democracy

14
II.5. Colonial legacy democratic traditions

• Colonial legacy former British colonies (India,
  Caribbean)
• Democratic culture? Bureaucracies?
• Democratic history ? democracy/democratization

15
III. Third Wave

• Huntington three democratic waves
• 1820s-1920s first, long wave
• 1922 first reverse wave
• WWII 1962 second wave
• 1960s early 1970s second reverse wave
• 1974 Third Wave ( of electoral democracies
  increased threefold since)

16
Third Wave why?

• Causes Internal external
• Internal
• performance legitimacy problems
• economic growth

17
External International environment

• External actors (EU, Soviet Union, United
  States)
• Eastern Europe from Brezhnev Doctrine to
  Sinatra Doctrine
• Changing role/doctrine of Catholic Church
  liberation theology
• Snowballing

18
IV. Democratic Transitions

• Democratic transition moving from an
  authoritarian regime to a democratic one
• Beginning first signs of collapse or negotiating
  exit
• End first freely elected government takes office
• Democratic consolidation democracy has become
  the only game in town
• Huntington the two-turnover test

19
V. Democracy and public policies

• Measure commitment to public education and health
  care
• Educational expenditures slightly higher in
  democracies (as of GNP)
• Significantly higher (as of total govt
  expenditures)
• Similar results for health care expenditures

20
What makes democracies endure?

• Economic development ?
• Democratic survival
• Why?
• Education
• Class conflict
• Economic performance?