Pharmaceutics Review

1
Pharmaceutics Review
2

• Drugs in gel form________.
• Can provide local effect only
• Can provide both local and systemic effects.
• Can provide both local and systemic effects.
• None of the above

3

• Can provide both local and systemic effects.
• Can provide both local and systemic effects.

4

• What is the also known as the Continental
  method?
• Wet Gum Method
• English Method
• French Method
• Dry Gum Method

5

• Dry Gum Method
• Its Like a continental Breakfast the bagels suck
  and are dry.

6

• Flocculation agents include
• Electrolyes
• Surfactants
• Hydrophilic Polymers
• All of the above

7

• Flocculation agents include
• Electrolytes
• Surfactants
• Hydrophilic polymers

8

• What Process can reduce the creaming of
  emulsions?
• Increase droplet size, increase viscosity
• Reduce droplet size, increase viscosity
• Increase droplet size, reduce viscosity
• Reduce droplet size, reduce viscosity

9

• Reduce Droplet size, increase viscosity

10

• Which of the following would not be considered a
  suspension
• Levobatexolol in purified water and mannitol
• Ciclopirox in purified water, isopropyl alcohol,
  and dimethicone
• Codeine in glycerin, citric acid, saccharin
  sodium, sorbital, and water
• Calamine in glycerin, polysorbate 80, and
  purified water

11

• Codeine in glycerin, citric acid, saccharin
  sodium, sorbital, and water
• How would I know this?

12

• An emulsion is _________.
• A two phase system in which one liquid is
  dispersed throughout another liquid in the form
  of small droplets
• A liquid preparation that consist of solid
  particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in
  which particles are not soluble.
• A heterogeneous mixture that visually appears to
  be a homogeneous solution
• None of the Above

13

• A two phase system in which one liquid is
  dispersed throughout another liquid in the form
  of small droplets

14

• Thixothropy
• Can only happen to shear thinning systems.
• Is a desirable property for liquid pharmaceutical
  systems.
• Is used in levigation of powders into small
  portions
• All of the above
• Only a and b

15

• Thixothropy
• Can only happen to shear thinning systems.
• Is a desirable property for liquid pharmaceutical
  systems.

16

• Which of the following is not a semi-synthetic
  polymer
• Methylcellulose
• Carboxymethylcellulose Ca
• CMC Na
• Hydroxyethyl cellulose
• Acacia

17

• Acacia
• So what is acacia?

18

• Which of the following cannot be adjusted to slow
  sedimentation?
• Viscosity of the liquid
• Gravitational force on the liquid
• Density of the liquid
• Diameter of the particles

19

• Gravitational force on the liquid

20

• True or False,
• Valium (diazepam) is an example of an emulsion.
  Hint think oflast semester.

21

• True
• Because its not soluble in water

22

• A method used to stabilize lyophilic colloids is
• Electrostatic repulsion
• Adsorbed surfactants
• Adsorbed polymers
• None of the above, these are all methods to
  stabilize lyophobic colloids

23

• Electrostatic repulsion
• Adsorbed surfactants
• Adsorbed polymers
• None of the above, these are all methods to
  stabilize lyophobic colloids

24

• The following are factors affecting CMC and
  micelle size.
• Nature of hydrophilic group
• Structure of hydrophobic
• Nature of counter ions
• Addition of electrolytes to ionic surfactants
• All of the above

25

• All of the above

26

• Rheology is the study of what (rheo?)
• Flow
• Matter
• Friction
• Stress

27

• Rheology is the study of
• Flow

28

• Which of the following variables in the Stokes
  Law equations can be changed in order to decrease
  particle sedimentation rate?
• Gravitational acceleration (g)
• Density of the solid
• Radius of the particles
• All of the above

29

• Which of the following variables in Stokes Law
  equations can be changed in order to decrease
  particle sedimentation rate?
• Radius of the particles

30

• Flocculation is a formulation technique that
  involves
• Grinding the powder with a mortar and pestle to
  reduce particle size
• Producing a suspension that will readily disperse
  when shaken
• Adding a wetting agent in small increments
• Passing the desired powder through a sieve

31

• Producing a suspension that will readily disperse
  when shaken

32

• What the fuck is a Flocculating agent?

33

• Flocculants, or flocculating agents, are
  chemicals that are used to promote flocculation
  by causing colloids and other suspended particles
  in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc.
  Flocculants are used in water treatment processes
  to improve the sedimentation or filterability of
  small particles (Wikipedia)

34

• Which of the following can be incorporated as a
  flocculating agent to obtain controlled
  flocculation?
• Electrolytes
• Surfactants
• Hydrophilic polymer
• Hydrophobic polymer
• Diluted bentoinite magma (clay)
• I, II, III
• I, II, IV
• II, III, V
• I, II, III, V
• I, II, IV, V

35

• I, II, III, V
• Electrolytes
• Surfactants
• Hydrophilic polymer
• Diluted bentoinite magma (clay)

36

• Flocculated systems are useful in pharmacy...
• As suspending agents
• To retard sedimentation
• Redisperse the product via shaking before use
• All of the above

37

• As suspending agents
• To retard sedimentation
• Redisperse the product via shaking before use
• All of the above

38

• Which of these apply to the phenomenon of
  breaking?
• Irreversible
• Reversible
• Caused due to merging of emulsifying particles
• Caused due to the breakdown of film surrounding
  particles
• Both (a) and (d)

39

• A. Irreversible
• D. Caused due to the breakdown of film
  surrounding particles
• Both (a) and (d)

40

• What are not common methods for preparing an
  emulsion?
• Levigation method
• Bottle method
• Wet Gum method
• Dry Gum method

41

• Levigation

42

• Which of the following can dispersions be used
  as?
• Antibiotics
• Antacids
• Creams
• Ointments
• All of the above

43

• Antibiotics
• Antacids
• Creams
• Ointments
• All of the above

44

• Emulsions are dispersions of small globules of
  ______ particles in a liquid.
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• d. None of the above

45

• Emulsions are dispersions of small globules of
  particles liquid particles in a liquid

46

• 1. Which of these describes pseudoplastic flow?
• Displays Newtonian flow, but only after the yield
  value is reached
• Viscosity decreases with increasing sheer stress
• Viscosity increases with increasing sheer stress
• Viscosity decreases with decreasing sheer stress
• All of the above

47

• Viscosity decreases with increasing sheer stress

48

• With regards to Sedimentation Rate, i.e. settling
  of particles, what three factors can possibly be
  manipulated when compounding a suspension?
• A. Particle Size
• B. Density of the Liquid
• C. Viscosity of the Liquid
• D. All of the above

49

• D. All of the above

50

• With regards to Sedimentation Rate, i.e. settling
  of particles, what three factors can possibly be
  manipulated when compounding a suspension?
• Name them

51

• Particle Size
• Viscosity of the Liquid
• Density of the liquid

52

• List four desired properties of a suspension.
• A. Fine, uniform-sized particles
• B. Uniform dispersion of the particles in the
  liquid vehicle
• C. Slow settling of the particles
• D. Ease of redispersion when the product is
  shaken
• E. All of the above

53

• All of the above

54

• Flocculation is a technique for
• A. allowing powders to flow freely
• B. maintaining suspensions that are easily
  re-dispersed
• C. uniformly mixing during trituration
• D. applying flavoring to bitter suspensions

55

• Flocculation is a technique for
• maintaining suspensions that are easily
  re-dispersed

56

• It is desirable for pharmaceutical suspensions
  to
• Taste bad
• Be flocculated suspension
• Form compact cakes
• Be unsightly to look at.

57

• Be flocculated suspension

58

• Which type of emulsion has water is dispersed as
  globules in an oil or oleaginous solution?
• o/w
• w/o
• w/o/w
• o/w/o

59

• w/o

60

• Colloids are
• a mixture of small particles dispersed throughout
  a medium
• classified as lyophilic or lyophobic
• a bacteria that causes diarrhea
• a b

61

• a mixture of small particles dispersed throughout
  a medium
• classified as lyophilic or lyophobic
• Therefore A B

62

• What is more type of emulsion is more likely to
  form when the agent has a larger head group?
• Water-in-oil
• Oil-in-Water
• Water-in-water
• Oil-in-Oil

63

• Oil-in Water

64

• When choosing an emulsifying agent, what HLB
  value range would be best at producing a
  water-in-oil emulsion?
• 1-3
• 3-7
• 7-10
• 8-16
• HLB values are not used to select emulsifying
  agents

65

• 3-7

66

• 10. What is the main difference between a Hard
  Soap and a Soft Soap?
• Fatty acid composition
• Innate antiseptic properties
• Cation valence
• Minerals from the ocean

67

• Cation valence

68

• The following is not a type of dispersion
• Colloid
• Tablet
• Suspension
• Emulsion
• All of the above are types of dispersions

69

• Tablet
• Hmmm

70

• Lyophobic colloids
• A. Are spontaneously formed
• B. Have particles that interact with the
  continuous phase
• C. Require added surfactants to increase their
  stability
• D. Have particles that are smaller than the
  normal colloid particle size range
• E. Are micelles

71

• C. Require added surfactants to increase their
  stability

72

• Micelle formation
• Occurs when the concentration of the surfactant
  exceeds the CMC
• Occurs whenever surfactants are added to a system
• Is an illustration of a type of emulsion
• Cannot be influenced by the characteristics of
  the surfactant added to the system
• Are not a type of colloid because their particle
  size is too small

73

• Occurs when the concentration of the surfactant
  exceeds the CMC

74

• Something that is more viscous
• Has a usually thinner consistency
• Is never desirable as a pharmaceutical product
• Decreases a topical products contact time with
  the skin
• Is thicker and more resistant to flow
• Results in an oral product that is less palatable
  and has decreased mouth feel

75

• Is thicker and more resistant to flow

76

• Viscosity-inducing agents are classified as
• Soluble macromolecules
• Insoluble particulate colloids
• A and B
• Molecules that make the consistency of a system
  less thick
• B and D

77

• Soluble macromolecules
• Insoluble particulate colloids
• Huh good question

78

• The variables that can be adjusted in Stokes Law
  include
• Gravity
• Particle size of the dispersed phase
• Viscosity of the continuous phase
• Density of the continuous phase
• B, C and D

79

• Particle size of the dispersed phase
• Viscosity of the continuous phase
• Density of the continuous phase
• B, C and D

80

• Which following procedure will decrease the
  sedimentation rate in suspensions?
• Increase the particle size thereby increasing the
  radius of the particles.
• Increase the viscosity.
• Decrease the viscosity.
• Decrease the density of the liquid, so that it
  will be much smaller than the density of the
  solid.
• None of the above

81

• Increase the Viscosity

82

• Which if the following is not a flocculating
  agent?
• Hydrophobic polymer
• Electrolyte
• Surfactant
• Hydrophilic polymer

83

• Hydrophobic polymer
• So which of those were?

84

• Electrolyte
• Surfactant
• Hydrophilic polymer

85

• All of the following are stability issues unique
  to emulsions, except
• Creaming
• Coalescence
• Smash and grab
• Breaking
• Aggregation

86

• Creaming
• Coalescence
• Breaking
• Aggregation

87

• Dispersions in pharmaceutics are used in
• oral preparations
• intravenous preparations
• aerosols
• topical products
• all the above

88

• Why isnt there a question for this???

89

• All of the following are classes of colloidal
  dispersions, EXCEPT
• a. Semi-Synthetic Gelatin derivatives
• b. Natural Polymers
• c. Synthetic Polymers
• d. Semi-Synthetic Cellulose derivatives

90

• Semi-Synthetic Gelatin derivatives

91

• Viscosity-inducing agents are intended to
• a. Increase the flow of molecules past each other
• b. Lower the flow of molecules past each other
• c. Make the fluid appear thicker
• d. Decrease the system structure

92

• Lower the flow of molecules past each other

93

• Which word describes the following, a system
  with finely divided drug particles dispersed
  somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which
  the drug exhibits minimum solubility?
• flocculation
• suspension
• solution
• sedimentation

94

• Suspension

95

• 4. What is a factor that effects sedimentation
  rate
• density of particle
• size of particle
• density of vehicle
• Viscosity of vehicle
• all of the above

96

• All of the above

97

• True or false, creaming happens due to the
  density difference between the two phases.

98

• True

99

• True or false,
• breaking is reversible and creaming is
  irreversible.

100

• False

101

• True or False. Surfactants are amphipathic,
  because they contain both hydrophobic (tails) and
  hydrophilic groups (heads), they scatter light,
  and can act as detergents.

102

• True

103

• Fill in the blank. The bottle method involves
  using equal amount of oil and ___________ in a
  bottle, then the bottle is shaken vigorously to
  form the emulsion.
• Water
• Lime water
• Saline solution
• Soap

104

• Lime water

105

• What desirable property/properties is/are
  imparted on a topical emollient by preparing it
  as an emulsion?
• lessens emollient property of oil
• less greasy feel
• more aesthetically pleasing
• b and c

106

• BC
• less greasy feel
• more aesthetically pleasing

107

• Medications for children are often administered
  in suspensions for what reason?
• All medications are more stable in a suspension
• Children are unable to swallow pills, suspension
  are easier to administer and drink
• There is no preference for childrens medications
  to be suspensions
• None of the above

108

• Children are unable to swallow pills, suspension
  are easier to administer and drink

109

• Viscosity inducing agents are added to drug
  preparations for all of the following except
• to create smoothness for a topical cream
• to make injections more stable
• to make an oral solution palatable
• to create a suspension system
• none of the above

110

• to make injections more stable
• Is this because you dont give viscous injections?

111

• Which statement is not true regarding colloids?
• Colloids consist of two phases an internal phase
  of particles, and an external phase in which the
  internal phase is dispersed.
• Colloidal particles are large enough to be seen
  with the naked eye.
• The internal phase of lyophilic colloids is
  generally composed of organic molecules.
• The internal phase of lyophobic colloids is
  generally composed of inorganic particles.
• Stabilization of lyophobic colloidal dispersions
  involves the input of energy.

112

• Colloidal particles are large enough to be seen
  with the naked eye.

113

• What is flocculation?
• a technique that gives particles a controlled
  lacework like structure of weak bonds.
• The act of reducing the viscosity of a suspension
  by adding a thinning agent.
• The slow settling of particles
• Getting a group of birds together

114

• a technique that gives particles a controlled
  lacework like structure of weak bonds.

115

• Which of the following are examples of
  application of emulsions?
• Lotions
• Creams
• Ointments
• all of the above
• none of the above

116

• all of the above

117

• _________ occurs when the dispersed phase has a
  higher density than the continuous phase of
  emulsions
• Sedimentation
• Flocculation
• Creaming
• Inversion

118

• Sedimentation

119

• true/ false decreasing droplet size of the
  dispersed phase and increasing viscosity of the
  continuous phase help stabilize an emulsion.
• True
• False

120

• True

121

• Acacia emulsions have what compounding benefit?
• They can be compounded using only a mortar and
  pestle
• All ingredients can be triturated simultaneously
• Ingredients can be mixed in any proportion
• Acacia emulsions require only an aqueous phase

122

• They can be compounded using only a mortar and
  pestle

123

• Products on the market that involve the use of
  colloids/gels, suspensions, and emulsions are
  administered
• Topically
• Orally
• Intravenously
• All of the above

124

• All of the above
• Topically
• Orally
• Intravenously

125

• How are gels formed?
• Add more colloids.
• Add more solution.
• Add more beads.
• All of the above.
• None of the above.

126

• Add more colloids.

127

• Which of the following is not a type of emulsion?
• O/W
• W/O/W
• O/W/O
• W/O
• e. All the above are types of emulsions

128

• e. All the above are types of emulsions

129

• 1) Rheo is defined as
• flow
• water
• alcohol
• solid
• acid

130

• fLOW

131

• Temperature can affect viscosity, which of the
  following is/are true?
• as temperature increase viscosity increase
• as temperature decrease viscosity increase
• as temperature increase viscosity decrease
• as temperature decrease viscosity decrease
• B and D

132

• A lyophilic colloid is
• solvent hating
• solvent loving
• prevents particles from dispersing in water
• b and c only
• none of the above

133

• solvent loving

134

• Which of the following is not an application of
  suspensions in pharmaceutics?
• To administer solid drugs in liquid form to
  patients who cannot swallow tablets or capsules
• For infants who have not yet learned to swallow
• To decrease bioavailability by decreasing
  absorption
• When a manufactured product is unavailable

135

• To decrease bioavailability by decreasing
  absorption

136

• What are hydrophilic colloids typically used as?
• Wetting agent
• Viscosity-inducing agent
• Emulsifying agent
• Preservative

137

• Viscosity-inducing agent

138

• Which of the following is NOT true about Strokes
  Law?
• it provides useful information in determining
  what parameters of suspension should be
  controlled
• we use it to find the velocity of sedimentation
  of particles in a suspension
• particle size is not important
• it is affected by the viscosity of the vehicle

139

• particle size is not important

140

• There are many factors that may affect an
  emulsions stability. Which term describing an
  emulsion can be reversed by shaking?
• a. "cracked"
• b. "breaking"
• c. "creaming"
• d. all of the above
• e. none of the above

141

• creaming

142

• 421 is a ratio to create a primary emulsion.
  What is 421?
• a. 4 parts water, 2 parts gum, 1 part oil
• b. 4 parts emulsifying agent, 2 parts oil, 1
  part water
• c. 4 parts oil, 2 parts water, 1 part gum
• d. 4 parts oil, 2 parts emulsifying agent, 1
  part water
• e. 4 parts petrolatum, 2 parts water, 1 part
  ethanol

143

• c. 4 parts oil, 2 parts water, 1 part gum

144

• Which of the following statements describing
  surfactants and emulsifying agents are FALSE?
• a. Soft soaps are fatty acid salts containing
  divalent ions such as Ca2
• b. Cationic surfactants are not good
  emulsifiers but as preservatives.
• c. Finely divided solids favor o/w emulsions
  and are not easily wetted when finely divided
  
• d. Hard soaps are fatty acid salt containing
  univalent ions such as Na
• e. A and D

145

• e. A and D

146

• 10) Colloidal Silicon Dioxide is commonly used
  as a glidant in tablets and capsules.
• True or False

147

• True

148

• Group 8

149

• True/False A lyophilic colloid system is the
  same as a hydrophilic solution.

150

• False

151

• Examples of colloids could include which of the
  following?
• A. Shave gels
• B. Aerosol mosquito repellant
• C. Toothpaste
• D. All of the above
• E. None of the above

152

• All of the following

153

• Which of the following is a characteristic of an
  emulsion?
• A. Emulsions tend to result in clear liquids
• B. An emulsion is said to exhibit creaming when a
  collection of creamy lipids becomes dispersed or
  emulsed in a continuous phase
• C. Emulsions can be stabilized by flocculation,
  creaming, and coalescence
• D. Flocculation is obscene and should be banned
  in the US as it is in India
• E. None of the above

154

• E. None of the above

155

• True/False The most common emulsion is
  oil-in-water

156

• True

157

• True/False In water-in-oil emulsions oil is
  dispersed as droplets in water.

158

• False

159

• Colloids can be described by all of the following
  words except
• Two-phase
• Heterogenous
• Homogenous in appearance
• Solutions

160

• Types of colloidal systems are all of the
  following except?
• Lyophilic Colloids
• Lyophobic Colloids
• Hydrophobic Colloids

161

• Hydrophobic Colloids

162

• Surface Active Agents are more commonly called
• A. emulsifying agents
• B. surfactants
• C. emulsions
• D. volatile substances

163

• B. surfactants

164

• True/False Flocculating agents form strong bonds
  to hold particulates together when shaken.

165

• False

166

• In the dry gum method what is the ratio of
  oilwatergum?
• 324
• 421
• 532
• 415

167

• 421

168

• Which of the following statements is TRUE about
  creaming?
• Creaming is IRREVERSIBLE.
• Creaming is the DOWNWARD movement of dispersed
  droplets of emulsion relative to the continuous
  phase (due to the density difference between two
  phases.
• The reason why shaking emulsions prior to use is
  NOT recommended.
• A, B, C
• None of the above statements is true.

169

• Thank You For Not putting answers group 9

170

• For a English emulsion formation method, what two
  ingredients are mixed first to form a mucilage?
• oil and water
• Oil and gum (emulsifier)
• water and gum (emulsifier)
• water and preservatives
• preservatives and gum (emulsifier)

171

• water and gum (emulsifier)

172

• The role of viscosity in pharmaceutical
  formulation is to
• achieve a desirable smoothness and consistency in
  topical preparation
• to enhance the palatability of oral liquids
• to generate a structured system of suspension
• all of the above

173

• all of the above
• I Am assuming because group 9 did not put answers

174

• Rheology is
• the study of the deformation and flow of matter
  under the influence of an applied stress
• the study of a flightless South American bird
  resembling the ostrich
• the study of types that have characteristics in
  common
• the study of the relationships between heat and
  other forms of energy

175

• Dispersions do all of the following, except
• Increase drug stability
• Cause disagreeable tastes
• Improve bioavailability
• Increase drug solubility
• None of the above

176

• Cause disagreeable tastes

177

• 6) The main classifications of dispersions
  include all of the following, except
• a. Emulsions
• b. Solutions
• c. Suspensions
• d. Colloids

178

• b. Solutions

179

• When compounding suspensions a slow sedimentation
  rate is ideal to enhance . .
• Taste
• Stability
• Appearance
• Smell

180

• Stability

181

• Stokes law applies to. . .
• Nothing, who is stoke?
• Anyone 21 and under
• Sedimentation rates of suspensions
• Dispensing plan B to minors

182

• Sedimentation rates of suspensions

183

• Which of the following is a type of controlled
  flocculating agent.
• Hydrophobic alcohols
• Hydrophilic oils
• Hydrophilic polymers
• Hydroscopic powders

184

• Hydrophilic polymers

185

• The greater the viscosity of a structured
  vehicle, the
• More likely the suspending agent is to dissolve
  into solution
• Less stable the suspension will be
• Suspension will stay suspended longer
• The more volatile the suspension will be

186

• Suspension will stay suspended longer

187

• Which of these are particulate association
  colloids?
• Colloidal silicon dioxide NF
• Carbomer NF
• Acacia NF
• Tragacanth NF
• None of the above

188

• Colloidal silicon dioxide NF

189

• An example of association Colloid is
• Oil
• Magma
• Micelle
• Polymer

190

• Micelle

191

• Which is not the types of suspensions?
• Deflocculates in structured vehicles
• controlled flocculation
• sedimentation and caking
• flocculation in structured vehicles

192

• sedimentation and caking

193

• What are the factors that determine the
  sedimentation rate?
• particle size, density of liquid, viscosity of
  the liquid medium
• particle size, type of solvent, viscosity of the
  solvent
• size of the container, solubility of liquid,
  viscosity of the liquid
• all of the above can be the factors

194

• particle size, density of liquid, viscosity of
  the liquid medium

195

• An irreversible process of complete fusion of the
  droplets of the internal phase that affects
  stability of the emulsion is called
• Caking
• Creaming
• coalescence
• sedimentation

196

• Coalescence

197

• Youve got a new make-up remover. It looks like
  water but removes water-proof mascara. What kind
  of emulsion this make-up remover could be?
• O/W
• W/O
• Who knows
• Both a and b

198

• O/W

199

• In what order are following steps performed in
  the wet gum method
• add any insoluble solids to mortar
• add gum to mortar
• add oil to mortar
• add water to mortar
• I, II, III, IV
• II, I, III, IV
• II, IV, III, I
• IV, III, II, IV

200

• II, IV, III, I

201

• What is an emulsifying agent?
• molecule that can dissolve anything
• a molecule that concentrates at the interface of
  two phases
• a molecule that is used for replication
• a molecule that is found only in meteorites

202

• a molecule that concentrates at the interface of
  two phases

203

• Dispersions are mostly used for what form of
  medication?
• Tablet
• Capsule
• Solutions
• Transdermal patch
• Lotions and Cream

204

• Solutions

205

• All of the following are methods used to prepare
  emulsions EXCEPT
• Mortar method
• Wet gum method
• Dry gym method
• Xanthan gum method
• Bottle method

206

• Xanthan gum method

207

• Problem Set 1.

208

• B and D
• I DONT UNDERSTAND THIS QUESION