Areas for Improvement

1
Introduction
Hydro Storage
2
Storage Forms
3
Storage Scales
small, medium, large, extra large
etc.
4
Current H2
Storage Methods

• Gaseous storage relies on steel pressure vessels
  and the compression of hydrogen. 
• Liquid storage relies on similar pressure vessels
  and compression. The liquid hydrogen must be kept
  at a very low temperature minus 423 degrees F.
• Hydrogen Batteries, or solid storage, convert
  chemical energy into electrical energy.

5
Gaseous Storage

• Energy density of gaseous hydrogen can be
  improved by storing hydrogen at higher pressures.
  
• Tank integrity is an important consideration.
• Volumetric capacity, high pressure and cost are
  thus key challenges for compressed hydrogen tanks

6
Current Uses Gaseous Storage

• HyHaulerTM with TriShieldTM storage tanks from
  Quantum Technologies (5 kg).
• Consumer vehicles (even SUVs!).
• General Motors has delivered a hydrogen powered
  HUMMER to the California Governor's office,
  dubbed the H2H.
• Hydrogen refueling stations in Hawaii,
  California, Washington D.C. and metro areas near
  you!

7
HyHaulerTM

1. Compresses and stores the hydrogen in a
   transportable package.
2. Self-sustaining hydrogen refueling station that
   requires only electricity and water.
3. Cost-effective hydrogen infrastructure using a
   modular transportable system that can expand as
   demand grows.

8
Arnies on board!
The H2H uses a supercharged version of the
truck's original Vortec 6000 (6.0-liter V-8)
internal combustion engine.
9
Refueling Stations
10
Storage Caverns

• Hydrogen gas could be stored in aquifers, salt
  caverns or rock caverns, as well as depleted oil
  and gas fields.
• England and France both have long term
  experience in underground hydrogen storage.

11
Storage Caverns
Storage caverns would be good for large-scale
storage of hydrogen. Hydrogen stored subsurface
can be piped just like natural gas, so we can use
existing natural gas pipelines. Storing
hydrogen in caverns would be inexpensive.
12
Liquid Storage

• Liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks can store more
  hydrogen in a given volume than compressed gas
  tanks.
• The energy requirement for hydrogen liquefaction
  is high typically 30 of the heating value of
  hydrogen is required for liquefaction.

13
Current Uses Liquid Storage

• NASA is the primary
  consumer of
• liquid hydrogen for
  fuel.
• The second stage of the Saturn 5 rocket that took
  3 men to the moon used liquid hydrogen.

Large white spheres to the left of launch pad
are liquid hydrogen storage tanks.
14
Hydrogen
Batteries (Solid Storage)

• Amount of energy the device can supply is not
  limited by the volume of the device.
• Separate power and energy modules, so the
  hydrogen battery can be refueled and reused.
• There are a several options for storing hydrogen
  for use in hydrogen batteries, but many have
  important draw-backs.
• Metal Hydrides are by far the most efficient and
  successful.

15
Metal Hydrides

• This method uses an alloy that can absorb and
  hold large amounts of hydrogen by bonding with
  hydrogen and forming hydrides. A hydrogen storage
  alloy is capable of absorbing and releasing
  hydrogen without compromising its own structure.
• The main obstacle in chemically storing hydrogen
  is the hydrogen to weight ratio of the storage
  media. That is, it is desirable to store a large
  amount of hydrogen in the lightest unit.
• Once a negative electrode is fabricated, it must
  be activated, or charged, with hydrogen. Then,
  during the battery's lifetime, it proceeds
  through many hydriding / dehydriding cycles.

16
Current Uses H2 Batteries

• Nickel-Hydrogen batteries are currently the most
  popular space battery, with a 10-20 year
  lifetime.

• Storage of home wind or solar energy surplus.
• Cell phones, laptops, portable electronics
  more
• Other remote area portable electronics, such as
  military and medical equipment.

17
Hyundai Santa Fe

• 60 kW electric drive system.
• SUV powered by Panasonic nickel metal hydride
  batteries.
• Utilizes the rapid charging stations installed
  around the island of Oahu under the EV Ready
  State Project.

18
Hyundai Tucson

• Driving range double that of Hyundai's
  first-generation vehicle, the Santa Fe FCEV.
• Driving range extended to 300 km (186 miles)
  thanks to its 152-liter (40-gallon)
  specially-developed hydrogen storage tanks.

19

GM Sees the Future

• Powered off of electricity or sunlight.
• The expectation is that early adopters will be
  able to fill up their own vehicles at home while
  they wait for the hydrogen infrastructure to be
  built out.
• Honda has begun work on a similar product.

20
Areas for
Continued Progress

1. Storage capacity
2. Energy costs
3. Material costs

21
Promising Solutions
22
Carbon Nanotubes

• DOE states that a storage material needs to store
  6.5 hydrogen by weight.
• Carbon nanotubes may store up to 10 of their
  weight in hydrogen.
• -National Renewable Energy Laboratory

23
Carbon Nanotubes
Theoretical Examples
A titanium-coated carbon nanotube could store 8
hydrogen by volume.1
A lithium-coated carbon sphere (a buckyball
could hold 9 hydrogen by volume.
1) T. Yildirim and S. Ciraci, "Titanium-Decorated
Carbon Nanotubes as a Potential High-Capacity
Hydrogen Storage Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, p.
175501 (2005). (http//www.sciencedaily.com/releas
es/2005/06/050604203624.htm) 2) First
principles hydrogen storage on Li12C60. J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 128 (30), 9741 -9745, 2006
24
Carbon Nanotubes
The Department of Energy awarded 150 million in
grant money in 2004 to focus on hydrogen storage
alone.
25
One example James Tour, Rice University

• Program goals (2010)
• Meet DOEs goal of 6 hydrogen storage by weight
• Mass produce optimized material
• Avoid use of precious heavy metals

SourceJames Tour, Rice University
http//www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26
_tour.pdf
26
Carbon Nanotubes

• The Cost
• Presently available in bulk quantities for about
  1000/kg, compared to 1000/g 7 years ago.
• Price of bulk nanotubes decreases by about a
  factor of 10 every 3 years.

Source James Tour, Rice University
http//www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26
_tour.pdf
27
Solution 2 Tablets

• Solid storage of hydrogen accomplished by
  infusing ammonia into sea salts.
• Store 9.1 hydrogen by weight.
• Virtually no necessary safety precautions with
  the solid tablets.

28
Hydro Pill

• Should you drive a car 600 km using gaseous
  hydrogen at normal pressure, it would require a
  fuel tank with a size of nine cars. With our
  technology, the same amount of hydrogen can be
  stored in a normal gasoline tank.
  
• -Professor Claus Hviid Christensen, Department of
  Chemistry at DTU.

29
Hydro Pill

• Ammonia is the second most commonly produced
  chemical in the world.
• A large infrastructure for making, transporting
  and distributing ammonia already exists.
• YAY, WE HAVE IT!

30
Small is Profitable

• It is cost prohibitive to store electricity in
  large quantities, and so it effectively has a
  short shelf-life kind of like milk.
• Modularity improves the rate of response to
  demand changes no more overbuilding to meet
  expected demands or grid-locking major
  transmission lines.

31
hasta la vista, fossil fuels.