MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY IN CITIES

1
MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY IN CITIES

• Tamás Fleischer
• Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian
  Academy of Sciences
• http//www.vki.hu/tfleisch/
• tfleisch_at_vki.hu

Section mobility and accessibility
2
Mobility and accessibility in cities

• A SHORT GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTO THE TOPIC
• About the changing technological paradigms and
  their appearance in the Charters and in the
  mobility issues
• Modernity period and the Athens Charter
• Post-modern period and the Leipzig Charter
• A BUDAPEST CASES
• Why a new Budapest Transport Frame Development
  Plan (2008)
• Story of the lower Danube embankment

3
Changing technological paradigms
This concept was first presented in Catch the
Wave, The Economist, 18 February 1999 Figure
courtesy of The Natural Edge Project, Australia,
30 October 2006.

• A short general introduction into the topic

4
Changing technological paradigms

• An early one wood wind water
• Industrialisation, growing big towns, the train
  period of coal steam engine steel/rail
• Modernity period and the Athens Charter
• Post-modern period and the Leipzig Charter

5
Modernity period and the Athens Charter

• 4th Congress of CIAM (Congress Internationaux
  dArchitecture Moderne) 1933
• To solve the housing problem of people gt
  mass-construction of flats the housing estate
  (small boxes of flats in ten-level buildings,
  following an industrialised production system.)
• Adjusting city to ideas and technologies
  functionally homogeneous quarters (land-use
  modes) business district, residential area,
  industrial area, recreation area.
• Effective mass production, economy of scale, big
  is better, planned
• Transport small boxes of units the new dominant
  mode is the road gtGood technology means better
  hardware (motor, vehicle, fuel, M-way)
• In cities surface is needed for cars rails
  under or over the surface. Less tram, narrowed
  sidewalks, less trees, subordinated zebra
  crossings, shifted bus-stops etc. The space is
  not enough, cars need more space
• The main target is to ease the (motorised)
  mobility
• Citius, altius, fortius (swifter, higher,
  stronger)

6
Technological waves of the transport
Shift between modes. Time-to-time a new
technology becomes dominant
7
Technological waves of the transport
Shift between modes. Time-to-time a new
technology becomes dominant. Long-term cycles
8
Technological waves of the transport J.H.
Ausubel, C. Marchetti, and P. Meyer (1998)
Toward green mobility the evolution of
transport, European Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.
137-156. own addition
3
2
1
9
The post-modern and the Leipzig Charter

• Everything goes (world music, citations,
  reutilise, reuse)
• New key words integration, co-operation,
  partnership, networking, consultation, adjusting,
  adaptation (mutual dependencies)
• There are external constraints environment
  counts, society counts, city-life counts, organic
  life counts Our planned, man-made system must be
  adjusted to the constraints.
• New set of orientations and values flexibility,
  buffers, reserves, redundancies, diversity
  (versus efficient, uniform, optimal etc.) gt
• Leipzig Charter 24-25 May, 2007 on sustainable
  European cities
• Main ideas integrated approach ( Structural
  Funds)
• COMPLEX SYSTEMS (Salingaros, Nikos A (2000)
  Complexity and Urban Coherence. Journal of Urban
  Design, Vol. 5. pp.291-316.) The city consists of
  modular units from small elements. Homogenous
  elements are not able to couple. The importance
  of diversity.
• Instead of the macro-scale functional divide, the
  necessity of neighbourhood level
  multifunctionality. (City of small distances,
  small cities within a metropolis, mixed zones,
  smart city, walking distances)

10
The post-modern and the Leipzig Charter

• RISK SOCIETY (Ulrich Beck (1986)
  Risikogesellschaft Auf dem Weg in eine andere
  Moderne. Suhrkamp)
• New relation with risks
• Myth of modernity production of goods are in the
  centre, as calculable activity, the
  not-intended technological consequences are
  external effects.
• The new approach risks and side-effects are
  not incidental phenomena, but parts of the
  system. To every technologies there is a normal
  risk (Who invented the rail also invented the
  derailment Paul Virillio)
• Vulnerability and resilience what we need is
  good feedbacks, diversified resources,
  alternative transport routes, non-hierarchical
  systems, buffers, redundancies.
• In our cities (re)construction is not an
  extraordinaire phenomenon (hard-disk we need
  15-20 free space)
• SUSTAINABILITY1 not to emit more that the
  environment can admit not
  to use more, than that the environment can
  reproduce.
• SUSTAINABILITY2 the ability of the system to
  reserve a sensibility to be able to adapt itself
  to the changing external circumstances.

11
The post-modern and the Leipzig Charter

• Transport there is not any more a single
  dominant transport mode, what is needed is a good
  mixture of possibilities. (intermodality,
  combined transport, interoperability, third party
  access, local networking etc. That is integration
  and cooperation between transport modes, btw.
  propriety forms, btw. sector targets, sector
  policies etc.)
• The place in the city is given congestions
  meaning is not that the space is lacking, but
  that there are too many cars. The surface must be
  used in the interest of the whole city life.
• Good technology also means better software
  (regulation, organisation) and not just better
  hardware
• Energy lesson not more kWh but better service
  (heat, light, etc.)
• The main target is better accessibility that is
  solving the reason of the mobility (getting
  closer) by not just transport but also by land
  use
• It is important to see both possible side of the
  better accessibility mobility and land use.
  Better accessibility with less transport

12
NEW TRANSPORT PLAN FOR THE HUNGARIAN CAPITAL

• Tamás Fleischer
• Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian
  Academy of Sciences
• http//www.vki.hu/tfleisch/ lttfleisch_at_vki.hugt

13
A new Budapest Transport Frame Development Plan
(2008)

• Why is it necessary if the old one was
  accepted in 2003
• Two characteristic feature of the 2003 plan
  (emphasised by me)
• (1) Big intermodal intersections to change mode
  / relations
• (2) Metro-4 between two railway-stations of the
  middle zone
• That is separate treatment of the capital and the
  metropolitan area and intermodality as
  concentrated obligate change between vehicles.
  Sharp border-lines reinforced.
• 2007-08 S-Bahn concept how to utilise the 11
  suburban railway lines in the city transport
  transverse lines instead of ending all at
  terminals more crossing points with less choice
  at one point. Softened borders
• 2008 has brought also small promotion in
  tariff-system in the public transport of Budapest
  and its metropolitan zone
• New level of modal and territorial integration,
  financial co-operation

14
A new Budapest Transport Frame Development Plan
(2008)

• New level of modal and territorial integration,
  financial co-operation
• BUT
• All the projects already decided earlier still
  remained the same!
• A kind of mental path-dependency

15
Towards a sustainable and liveable city

• We had to learn that
• It is not enough if we use the new technology
  only for developing our tools, our hardware
• It is not enough if we use the information
  technology only to solve old problems by them
• There are no definite, optimal, ever-best
  solutions any more
• We need intelligent (able-to-learn, adaptive,
  demand-sensitive) systems
• Three key elements of the new context
• Integrations (within and around the transport
  sector)
• Sustainability
• Complexity

16
Towards a sustainable and liveable city

• The Leipzig Charter is a document of the last
  year and summarises an up-to-date approach of
  urban development, that can be characterised as a
  post-modern or post-industrial paradigm.
• The most important key-words of this period are
• integration, co-operation, partnership,
  networking, co-ordination, consultation,
  coherence,
• adjustment, adaptation,
• feedbacks, alternatives, non-hierarchical
  systems, flexibility, buffers, reserves,
  redundancies, diversity, risk and vulnerability,
  resilience,
• Summarised again integrations, sustainability
  and complexity

17
MOBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY IN CITIES

• Tamás Fleischer
• Institute for World Economics of the Hungarian
  Academy of Sciences
• http//www.vki.hu/tfleisch/
• tfleisch_at_vki.hu

THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION !
Section mobility and accessibility