Transport Planning Strategies

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Transport Planning Strategies

• 2007-10-01

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Todays Questions

• Given the mixed success of a strategy of simplify
  providing transport capacity,
• what other strategies can we use to combat
  todays transport problems?

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The Concept

• Target
• Trip-Making
• Length of the Trip
• Non-Motorized Transport
• Public Transport
• Carpooling
• Peak-Hour Travel
• Congestion Trouble-Spots

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Strategies

• We will talk about
• Do-Minimum
• Land Use Planning
• Car-Oriented Strategies
• Public Transit-Oriented Strategies
• Demand-Management Strategies

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Travel Modeling Context (I)
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Travel Modeling Context (II)

• Mode Choice Utility
• Uauto ßauto time Timeauto ßauto cost
  Costauto
• Ubus ßbus time Timebus ßbus cost Costbus
  ßbus other
• Upool ßpool time Timepool ßpool cost
  Costpool ßpool other
• ? Mode Choice Probabilities
• Pauto f (Uauto, Ubus , Upool)
• Pbus f (Uauto, Ubus , Upool)

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Do-Minimum Approach

• Traffic is Self-Regulating
• Congestion, Accidents, Environmental Degradation
  are Inescapable
• If people are in traffic, then they must be
  willing to be in traffic
• Congestion levels are changingbut not by that
  much

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Texas Transportation InstitutesAnnual
Congestion Report
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Do-Minimum Approach

• Poor Fuel Efficiency
• Increased Air Pollution
• Higher-Cost Freight Movement
• Higher Traffic Delays for Autos Buses
• Higher Accident Rates
• Higher Delays for Emergency Vehicles

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Do-Minimum Approach

• Consensus
• Perpetual Congestion is Not Acceptable
• But
• A Do-Minimum Strategy is Useful as a Baseline for
  Comparison

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Land Use Planning Approach

• The locations of households, workplaces, shops,
  etc. are the determinants of travel demand
• Travel mobility influences site location choices
  for households, workplaces, and shops
• i.e. transportation and land use are
  inextricabily tied together

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Land Use Planning Approach1. Greenbelts

• StockholmsGreen Wedges

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Land Use Planning Approach2. Densification in
Urban Centers

• Vancouver, BCResidential Towers
• Densify in Urban Centers, which have high
  accessibility nearby

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Land Use Planning Approach3. Transit-Oriented
Development

• Portland, OROrenco Station
• Densify in places of high accessibility due to
  public transport hubs

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Land Use Planning Approach4. Integrate
Employment Housing

• History of Separation of Uses, Zoning
• Intended to protect housing from industrys
  harmful effects
• Drives up need for travel
• Today
• More employment engaged in service jobs
• Co-locating jobs housing gives the opportunity
  to live near work, travel less

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Land Use Planning Approach4. Integrate
Employment Housing

• Frösunda, Stockholm

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Land Use Planning Approach5. Warehouses,
Distribution Depots

• Locate near major transport facilities, and away
  from residential areas
• e.g. FedEx Distribution Center, Memphis, TN

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Land Use Planning Approach6. Low-Accessibility
Locations

• Areas unlikely to be served by public transport
• ? Reserve for Low-Intensity Uses
• E.g.
• Low-Density Industrial
• Communications
• Military
• Power Generation

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Car-Oriented ApproachHierarchical Street
Networks

• Typical Functional Classifications
• Highways
• Arterials
• Collectors
• Local Streets

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Public Transport-Oriented Approach

• Advantages of Public Transport
• Gains in efficiency (reduced total costs)
• Reductions in environmental degradation
• Minimal Use of Land (streets parking)
• Improved Physical Environment

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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachRail Public
Transport

• Best used in
• Dense population centers
• Long-distance (line-haul) trips, e.g. commutes
• Radial corridors, benefiting from existing rail
  infrastructure

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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachRail Public
Transport

• Advantages
• Smooth ride
• Exclusive right-of-way (usually), helping
  reliability
• Disadvantages
• Expensive to Build
• Expensive to Operate
• Riders must walk or drive first
• Transfers/waiting time

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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachBus Public
Transport

• Conventional strategies
• Expand routes, frequencies, service hours
• Advantages
• Relatively inexpensive
• Can use existing roadways
• Disadvantages
• Subject to congestion
• Not as comfortable
• Transfers/waiting time

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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachExpress Bus
Services

• More comfortable
• Limited stops ? faster journeys
• Used for commute-hour trips

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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachBus Control

• Dispatchers collect and relay traffic information
  to bus drivers

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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachBus-Only Lanes
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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachBus Signal
Priority Systems
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Public Transport-Oriented ApproachDemand-Respons
ive Transit

• Low-density populations
• Special needs populations (elderly, disabled)

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Demand Management Approach

• Influence demand for travel such that existing
  capacity is better used
• Emphasis on
• Regulatory policies
• Financial incentives

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Demand Management ApproachCarpooling

• Shared commute trips for people with clustered
  origins destinations
• Transport agencies can
• Facilitate through advertising, matching services
• Subsidize van-pool vehicles
• Often these are travelers that might otherwise be
  taking public transport

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Demand Management ApproachVaried Work-Hours

• Staggered work hours
• E.g. Boeing
• Flexible working hours
• Employee can shift start times
• Compressed work week
• 4 x 10, instead of 5 x 8

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Demand Management ApproachTechnological
Advancements

• Telecommuting
• Work at homeconnect to work using modern
  telecom
• Trips taken are longer
• Teleconferencing
• Less business travel
• Teleshopping
• Fewer shopping trips

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Demand Management ApproachRoad Pricing
Rationing

• Road Pricing
• Discourage choice to drive
• Road Space Rationing
• Limit opportunity to drive