Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions

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Fuel Quality and Vehicle Emissions

• Michael P. Walsh
• Developing Fuel Quality
• Roadmaps in Asia
• Manila, May 22, 2006

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Why Are Fuels Important?

• Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions
• Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on
  Emissions/Air Quality
• Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable Pollution
  Control Technology

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Motivation For Improved Fuels Qualities
Environmental benefits
Improvedfuel qualities
Improvedair quality
Reducedemissions

• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
• Particulate matter (PM)
• Sulfur (SO2)
• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
• Greenhouse Gases

• Improved human health
• Reduced corrosion
• Improved crop yield
• Less acidification, eutrophication and forest
  damage
• Climate Change

• Gasoline Lead/Sulfur
• Diesel Sulfur
• Other Parameters

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Ambient Pb Concentrations in Bangkok and Pb in
Gasoline from 1988 - 1998
Premium ULG was introduced in 1991 Regular ULG
was introduced in 1993 Complete phase out of
regular leaded gasoline in 1993 Complete phase
out of premium leaded gasoline in 1995
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Percentage of School Children with Blood Pb
Levels 10 mg/dl
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The Three-way Catalytic Converter A Familiar
Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in
Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications

• Layered washcoat architectures and support
  materials with high thermal stability
• Integrated HC adsorption functions
• Mounting materials with improved durability
• High cell density ceramic or metallic
  substrates
• Insulation schemes for heat management

Can Only Be Used With Lead Free Fuel!
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Lead Free Gasoline Worldwide, 2004
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Status of Lead Free Gasoline in Asia
100 Lead Free
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Sulfur in Fuel is the Next Priority

• Lowers Emissions From Existing Vehicles
• SO2 From All Vehicles
• PM From Diesel Vehicles
• CO, HC, NOx, Toxics From All Catalyst Vehicles
• Enables Advanced Technologies Tight Standards
  For New Vehicles
• Enables Retrofit Technologies To Clean Up
  Existing Vehicles

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The Technology Enabling Fuels Story in
Europe-Introduction of Lower Sulphur Fuels -

• Lowering of sulphur levels on both Diesel (to
  2000ppm) and Gasoline (unleaded to 500 ppm) in
  late 80s largely driven by direct concerns over
  urban air quality (SO2)
• Further move on Transport Diesel in early 90s
  (2000? 500 ppm largely seen as enabling step
  for oxidation catalyst on LD Diesel required to
  meet 1996 emission standards
• First European Auto Oil programme (93-96)
  indicates lower sulphur gasoline enhances
  catalyst performance 2000 limit 150ppm and 2005
  limit at 50ppm
• Same programme indicated lower sulphur diesel
  contributes to lower particulates both directly
  and through enabling higher performance
  technology 2000 limit 350ppm and 2005 limit at
  50ppm
• More recent concerns over growing CO2
  contribution from road transport has driven move
  to Ultra Low sulphur gasoline and diesel to
  facilitate high fuel efficiency/high
  environmental performance transport

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European Fuel Sulfur Levels (PPM)
Widely Available In 2005 100 In 2009
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The Three-way Catalytic Converter A Familiar
Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in
Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications

• Layered washcoat architectures and support
  materials with high thermal stability
• Integrated HC adsorption functions
• Mounting materials with improved durability
• High cell density ceramic or metallic
  substrates
• Insulation schemes for heat management

Maximum Emissions Performance Is Achieved With
Near Zero Sulfur Fuel
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Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards
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Impact of Sulfur on Emissions From 5 Euro 3
Chinese Cars After 80,000 Kilometers
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The Effect of Fuel Sulfur on NH3 and Other
Emissions from 2000-2001 Model Year VehiclesCRC
Project No. E-60

• Over the US06 cycle, statistically significant
  increases in NH3 emissions with increasing
  gasoline sulfur levels. Fleet average NH3
  emissions for the 150 ppm fuel were 27 higher
  than those for the 5 ppm and 12 higher than
  those for the 30 ppm fuel.
• For the FTP, NOx emissions were higher at a
  statistically significant level for the 150 ppm
  fuel compared with both the 5 and 30 ppm sulfur
  fuels. For fleet average NMHC, emissions were
  higher at statistically significant levels for
  the 150 ppm fuel compared with the 30 ppm fuel,
  although the magnitude of this fuel effect was
  small.
• There was a statistically significant increase in
  N2O emissions for the 150 ppm fuel compared to
  both the 30 and 5 ppm fuels on the FTP.
• The effects of fuel sulfur on both fleet average
  NMHC and NOx emissions were found to be
  statistically significant over the US06 cycle.
  The magnitude of the fuel sulfur effects over the
  US06 for NMHC and NOx was also found to be larger
  on a relative basis than those found for the FTP
  cycle. For fleet average CO emissions, only the
  fuel effects between the 5 and 150 ppm fuels were
  found to be statistically significant at the 90
  confidence limits.

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Impact on Vehicles Meeting EURO 3 Standards
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PM Filter
Oxidation Catalyst
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Close Linkage Between Vehicle Emissions Standards
and Fuel Sulfur Levels
15 months
Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo, Mack
Trucks/Renault Navistar
Consent Decree 10/02
EPA
g/bhp-hr
EURO
g/kW-hr
10/05
10/08
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Metropolitan Tokyo in-Use Diesel Retrofit Program
Measurement results indicate that Diesel PM
levels have been significantly reduced.
(By the Research Institute for Environmental
Protection)
Without
With
Weather influence
Automobile tunnel
Roadside
Meguro St. roadside(By Prof. Uchiyama of Kyoto
University)
Osakabashi Air Monitoring Station
Iogi Tunnel (Loop 8) (Emissions reduced per
vehicle)
Cancer- causing agents Up to - 58
Cancer-ausing agents - 36
Carbon (EC) - 49
Carbon (EC) - 30
Comparison of two six-day periods Sept.-Oct.
2000 (Left bar) Oct.- Nov. 2003 (Right bar)
Comparison of two two-day periods Mar. 11-12,
2001 (Left bars, black and yellow) Nov. 9-10,
2003 (Right bars, black and yellow)
Comparison of two two-month periods Sept.-Oct.
2001 (Left bar) Sept.-Oct. 2003 (Right bar)
(With cooperation from the Bureau of
Construction)
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Impact of Fuels on Light Duty Diesel Vehicles
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Impact of Fuels on Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles
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Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from
Light Duty Vehicles
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Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from
Light Duty Vehicles (Continued)
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Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from
Motorcycles
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Impact of Gasoline Composition on Emissions from
Motorcycles Continued
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Conclusions

• Reformulated diesel fuels can effectively reduce
  oxides of nitrogen and particulate emissions from
  all diesel vehicles. These fuels have reduced
  sulfur, reduced aromatics, and increased cetane
  number.
• Certain Aftertreatment technologies are
  especially sensitive to the sulfur content of the
  fuel.
• Gasoline properties that can be adjusted to
  reduce emissions include, roughly in order of
  effectiveness, sulfur level, vapor pressure,
  distillation characteristics, light olefin
  content, and aromatic content.
• Catalyst technology is emerging for 2-3 wheeled
  vehicles and therefore lead free and lower sulfur
  gasoline will be important for these vehicles as
  well.
• Monitoring programs are necessary to assure that
  specifications are achieved and to minimize or
  eliminate adulturation