AIR QUALITY, TRANSPORT

1
AIR QUALITY, TRANSPORT ENERGY IN THE CITY OF
TSHWANEBY MJ NKOSANA
2
BACKGROUND

• The City of Tshwane participate in the
  Sustainable Energy for Environment and
  Development (SEED) programme since August 2003.
• State of Energy Report was developed with the
  support of the SEED programme, which is run under
  a Memorandum of Agreement with Sustainable Energy
  Africa (SEA), a South African based
  non-governmental organisation (NGO).
• Tshwanes SEED project aims at promoting the
  integration of sustainable energy and
  environmental approaches and practices into all
  operations of the municipality.

3
BACKGROUND

• Participation in the SEED programme is through a
  structure called Sustainable Energy for Tshwane
  (SET).
• The SET Committee consists of representatives
  from the various departments and divisions within
  the Municipality.
• The activities of the SET Committee were based on
  the Implementation Plan and the Cape Town
  Declarations which were adopted as a working
  documents by the Mayoral Committee.

4
THE CAPE TOWN DECLARATION

• Diversify the energy supply and increase
  renewable and cleaner energy sources by 10 in
  2020
• Reduce energy consumption in all council
  operations by at least 20
• Implement green procurement policies based on
  energy efficiency principles and
• Pass legislation requiring solar water heaters in
  all new middle- to high-income housing.

5
CAPE TOWN DECLARATION CONT.

• Insulated ceilings in new low-cost housing must
  also be introduced by 2005 and retrofitted by
  2007.
• Bus lanes must be enforced and bicycle lanes must
  be introduced on at least 20 of roads by 2010.
• Cities have committed themselves to develop an
  integrated energy strategy by 2006.

6
CITY OF TSHWANE COMMITMENTS

• Provide sustainable energy that has health
  benefits and reduced carbon dioxide emissions and
  thus ensures clean air
• Ensure energy efficiency in Municipal Buildings,
  Industry and Commerce, Transport and Residential
  sectors
• Promote general awareness among community members
  on renewable energy and energy efficiency.

7
ENERGY ISSUES BY SECTOR

• Energy issues were identified by
• Transport
• Industry and Commerce
• Households
• Electricity Generation and Distribution
• Other Municipal Services
• Renewable Energy

8
TRANSPORTissues

• The most energy intensive sector in CT is the
  transport sector.
• The N1, N14 and R21 highways were identified as
  the most significant corridors for vehicle
  generated emissions, including greenhouse gas
  (GHG) emissions.
• Few alternatives to fossil-fuel burning vehicles
  are available to City of Tshwane population.
• There is a significant vehicular congested roads,
  expected to increase further over the next five
  years.

9
TRANSPORT ISSUES CONT.

• Acknowledgement of National legislation banning
  the use of leaded fuel, introduction of
  low-sulphur diesel.
• The prevalence of Single Occupancy Vehicles
  (SOVs) and the lack of reliable, safe public
  transport.
• The rationalisation of the City of Tshwane
  Transport (PCT) bus services will potentially
  attract an increased number of passengers to its
  services, reducing the number of SOVs on the
  road network.
• Integrated transport system.

10
ELECTRICITY ISSUES

• Electricity related environmental effects include
  the possible presence of potentially carcinogenic
  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in old
  transformers and capacitors.
• Electromagnetic fields from high voltage power
  lines, considered possibly carcinogenic .

11
INDUSTRIAL COMMERCE

• Industry also contributes to undesirable
  emissions in the area
• Several CT companies have initiated CDM projects
  which will result in reduced GHG emissions.
• The Air Quality Management Plan addresses
  licensing and monitoring of industrial polluters
  and enforcement of the Air Quality Act 2004.

12
HOUSING ISSUES

• Housing design does not yet take into account
  energy efficiency considerations.
• Energy services for low-income households have
  historically been inadequate, and many households
  in the North still use alternatives to
  electricity for heating, cooking and lighting due
  to pricing and perceived affordability issues.

13
City of Tshwane energy consumption by sector
14
Demand supplied by energy carrier in CT
15
CITY OF TSHWANE ENERGY COMSUMPTION

• The transport sector accounts for the largest use
  of energy in CT (36), followed by industry (34)
  and then households (19). The three remaining
  sectors, including local government, are low in
  energy use in comparison, each accounting for 1
  to 9 of the total.

16
ENERGY CONSUMPTION

• Linked to the distribution of sectoral energy
  use, liquid fuels supply most (44.3) of the
  energy consumed in CT, followed by electricity
  with 27.8 and coal with 26.1.

17
Environmental Impacts of Energy Use in CT

• A qualitative assessment of the environmental
  impacts of energy use in CT was done. By far the
  most significant energy-related factors affecting
  air quality and climate change in CT are vehicle
  traffic as well as industrial and household
  consumption of fossil fuels..

18
EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SOURCES

• Coal boiler incinerators operations also
  contribute to airborne particulates.
• The highest sulphur dioxide concentrations are
  from emissions from domestic coal burning,
  petrol-driven vehicles and various coal boiler
  operations.
• Ambient benzene and lead emissions are primarily
  the result of petrol vehicle emissions.

19
EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SOURCES

• Fossil fuel combustion produces carbon dioxide,
  sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
• There is concern that increasing concentrations
  of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide,
  methane and manmade chlorofluorocarbons) may
  enhance the greenhouse effect and cause global
  warming.
• Other emissions such as sulphur dioxide
  contribute to the formation of acid rain.

20
EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SOURCES

• In environmental impact terms, the burning of
  petrol in an internal combustion engine produces
  more carbon dioxide than does diesel, which in
  turn produces more nitrates/nitrites and
  sulfates/sulfites than petrol.
• With improving diesel refining techniques,
  sulphur levels are being reduced, thereby
  improving the overall profile of diesel as a
  transport fuel in comparison to petrol.

21
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Modelling in CT

• Vehicular emissions were modelled, with the
  following results
• A total of 5.2 million vehicles travel 2.6
  million vehicle-kilometres during the morning
  peak hour in CT on a total of 8 500 kilometre
  road ways. These vehicles spend more than 154
  million vehicle-hours during the peak hour period
  on the roads of Tshwane.

22
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Modelling in CT

• These 5.2 million vehicles emit an estimated 11.5
  million grams of nitric oxides, 0.2 million grams
  of sulphur dioxide, 0.02 million kilograms of
  carbon monoxide and more than 3 million grams of
  hydrocarbons.

23
The main conclusions of the vehicular emissions
analysis are

• High concentration of emissions are found on the
  R28 / N1 to Johannesburg and the R21 towards the
  Ekurhuleni Municipality.
• Major arterials in CT (R80 - John Vorster Road
  from the northwest of CBD, Church Street from the
  west, R55 Voortrekker Road located southwest of
  the CBD, R513 H F Verwoord Drive to the north
  of the CBD, R101 Paul Kruger Street to the
  north of the CBD) experience low emits when
  compared to the R28 / N1 and the R21.

24
The main conclusions of the vehicular emissions
analysis are

• The N1 from the section north of Zambezi Road has
  substantially lower emissions, compared to the
  sections of the N1 to the south of Zambesi Road.
• The region within the CT enclosed by the N4, the
  R28 and the N1 has the highest concentration of
  emissions.
• Region with unpolluted pockets, e.g. areas around
  the Waterkloof Airforce Base and the Groenkloof
  Nature Reserve.

25
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION

• Access to electricity in CT is of the order of
  100 in established areas and 65 in rural
  areas.
• CT power generation plant is old and in need of
  significant maintenance and refurbishment funding.

26
MUNICIPAL SERVICES

• There is scope and interest for CT municipal
  services to become more energy efficient.
• Vehicle fleet be energy efficient.
• Water treatment and distribution system be energy
  efficient.
• Solid waste treatment be energy efficient.

27
RENEWABLES AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• There are still few renewable energy facilities
  suppliers in City of Tshwane.
• Renewable energy is not as affordable to the
  consumer as conventional energy
• Landfill sites presently emit substantial methane
  which is not flared and hence presents a
  significant odour and health risk.

28
Domestic Fuel Burning

• It was considered crucial that national,
  provincial and local initiatives aimed at
  reducing household fuel burning are conducted in
  a coordinated manner.
• The initiatives prioritized for implementation by
  CT would therefore reflect the priorities of
  national departments such at DME and the
  Department of Housing.

29
Emissions reduction strategies for Domestic Fuel
Burning

• CT negotiate with the DME and DEAT to sponsor a
  Tembisa Basa Njengo Magogo (BNM) project similar
  for Mamelodi and Marabastad.
• Involve the public and other organization in the
  education of the BNM method.
• Considering the integration of energy efficiency
  measures in new low-cost housing areas. This
  should include solar passive designs, better
  insulation

30
Emissions reduction strategies CONT.

• CT to implement the Basa Njengo Magogo project in
  Soshanguve and Atteridgeville
• CT to setup an urban air quality dispersion model
  to simulate pollution concentrations associated
  with domestic fuel burning emissions.
• CT to facilitate the investigation and
  identification of suitable alternatives to
  household fuel burning to look at low-smoke
  fuels, renewable energy, energy demand management
  etc.)

31
Road Transportation

• Collaboration between local, provincial and
  national government is required to secure the
  effective regulation of vehicle emissions.
• Transportation management measures and emission
  testing strategies by local authorities are
  likely to be more successful if implemented
  uniformly across neighbouring cities and metros.
• Critical to the success of the implementation of
  any emission reduction strategies within CT is
  the relationship between various departments
  within the metro, i.e. transport planning,
  land-use planning and housing divisions.

32
Emissions reduction strategies for Transportation.

• CT to establish an Inter-departmental Transport
  Liaison Group (ITLG) between the Environmental
  Health, Environmental Management, Transport,
  Housing and Land-use planning divisions.
• Current diesel vehicle testing procedures to be
  standardised and expanded to be conducted once a
  month, with a target number of vehicles to be
  tested.

33
Emissions reduction strategies for Transportation
CONT.

• Reporting of monitored data from the mobile
  stations located near main highway intersections
  to the Transport Division.
• CT to setup an urban air quality dispersion model
  to simulate pollution concentrations associated
  with vehicle emissions

34
SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN BABELEGI

• PLANTING OF TREES
• This project, named CCP Urban Greening is part of
  the ICLEI initiative
• Cities for climate protection campaign on climate
  change mitigation and the promotion of
  sustainable development
• The project is related to the process of
  photosynthesis

35
SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN BABELEGI

• Tree species, Rhus lancea, Acacia xanthophloea,
  and Faidherbia albida has been used.
• Air pollution reduction
• Climate amelioration
• Lower temperatures, use of CO? and emission of
  O?, dust collector,
• Noise damper and windbreak.

36
CCP-JACARANDA TREE CARBON SEQUESTRATION

• Sequestrate CO2 in the city as part of the
  International Council for Local Environmental
  Initiatives (ICLEI), CCP programme.
• As part of GHG reduction focusing on CO2.

37
Actions that address climate change could include

• Any reduction in use of electrical power
  generated by coal (i.e. generally any on-grid
  power) or petrol products and/or
• any replacement of fossil fuels with renewable
  energy
• Greening or preservation of green areas.

38
EXAMPLE OF REDUCTION GHG METHODS

• Use of solar heating, for cooking, water
  heating
• Solar, wind, or water generated power
• More efficient equipment that reduces the need
  for power or fuel (clean buses, efficient water
  pumps, etc)
• Bicycle or other non-fuel transportation
• Tree planting
• Conservation of forests or green lands etc.

39
Benefits of the project

• Amelioration of global warming through carbon
  sequestration
• Electricity savings (heating and cooling for
  buildings)
• Air pollution reductions
• Positive impacts on human health and well-being

40
Sustainable Energy for Environment and
Development

• City of Tshwane signed a Memorandum of
  Understanding (MoU) with Sustainable Energy
  Africa
• The SEED programme initially focused on housing
  development projects
• Emphasis on the thermal performance of buildings
  to reduce over consumption of energy.

41
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AIM

• To embark on a path of responsible energy
  consumption to reduce the emission of greenhouse
  gases thereby mitigating for climate change.
• Sustainable energy use will also result in
  financial saving through energy efficiency
  projects.
• Therefore contribute to reducing energy scarcity
  and generally improves the quality of life.

42
THE ENERKEY PROJECT

• The City of Tshwane is participating in the
  EnerKey Project.
• It is in association with research institutions
  in both South Africa and Germany,
• The three Metropolitan areas of Gauteng Province,
  the Universities of Johannesburg Stuttgart and
  the City of Stuttgart.

43
ENERKEY AIMS

• EnerKey is a research based project and covers
  issues such as sustainable energy,
• Integrated energy modelling, traffic and
  mobility,
• Look at socio-economic aspects of energy and
  assessing appropriate technologies
• Aimed at GHG inventory tools in the energy supply
  systems.

44
ENERKEY ACTIVITIES

• The Energy Concept Advisor is being administered
  to two schools in the City of Tshwane, i.e.
  Garsfontein Primary School in Garsfontein and
  Motsweding Primary School in Atteridgeville.

45
ENERKEY ACTIVITIES

• Interventions to be applied to the buildings and
  may include retrofitting of lights with low
  energy consumption bulbs,
• Insulation or filling of cavities in
  prefabricated building.
• The results will be monitored and communicated to
  the twinning school in Germany called
  Uhlandschule under the administration of the City
  of Stuttgart.

46
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (REEEP)
Project

• The purpose is to making the case for renewable
  energy and energy efficiency implementation
• In respect to social, economic development and
  reduction of emissions, meeting local and
  national energy and emissions targets.

47
DEVELOPMENT OF EMISSION INVENTORY

• Emissions will be grouped according to the three
  major categories in the emission inventory
  namely
• Mobile sources consisting mainly of vehicles
• Residential or household sources
• Finally point or stationary sources.
• Emissions will be allocated according the area
  where the air monitoring stations is situated as
  indicated above.

48
FUEL CONSUMPTION FACTORS

• An estimated fuel consumption will be used to
  determine vehicular emissions using fuel based
  factor.
• Where possible coal distribution in terms of its
  quality or type and quantity or usage will be
  used to determine fuel based factor.
• In addition to the fuel based factor as reflected
  above, emission factors will be used for fuel
  such as petrol from various sources.

49
Data analysis and validation

• Calculations of emissions generated from
  transport fuel consumed for petrol and diesel and
  the combination of the two.
• Calculation of emissions generated from natural
  gas consumption.
• Calculation of emissions generated from
  non-transport (fuel combustion emissions)
• Emission factors for consumption of purchased
  electricity

50
Data analysis and validation

• Estimations from the distribution/production of
  coal
• Calculation of emissions generated from solid
  waste. Landfill sites.
• Calculation of emissions generated from sewage
  plants.
• Prediction of the current and future scenario
  based on the data

51
ACHIEVEMENTS

• Successful retrofitting of streets lights in
  Ga-Rankuwa.
• Retrofitting of households bulbs currently.
• Development of Air Quality Management Plan.
• Development of sustainable energy strategy.
• Improved air monitoring instrumentations

52
CONCLUSIONS

• Air quality, sustainable energy and climate
  change should be linked.
• Supporting legislative documents such as by-laws
  standards are necessary.
• Strong political commitment is essential.
• We must monitor to prevent deterioration.
• We must maintain the good status quo.

53
THANKS THANKS

• HOPING FOR THE BEST OF THE BEST

54
ADDITIONAL CONTENTS OF THE DATABASE

• Types of pollutants prevailing in the area.
• Their possible health and environmental effects.
• Current and previous exceedance.