Newton

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Newtons thought experiment orbital velocity
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• Surface escape velocities
• Planet Vescape, ft/sec

Mercury 13,600
Venus 33,600
Earth 36,700
Moon 7,800
Mars 16,700
Asteroid Eros 50
Jupiter 197,000
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• Rocket Equation
• delta V g Isp ln (Mo/Mf)
• where
• delta V rocket velocity change (m/s)
• g gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)
• Isp rocket specific impulse (s)
• Mo initial rocket mass (kg)
• Mf final rocket mass (kg)
• Equation is for ideal conditions, with no strong
  gravity fields, as with near a planet.
  Corrections can be made by accounting for gravity
  losses.

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Rocket Equation, Mission Analysis and Performance
Mo Initial mass of vehicle (kg)
Mf Final mass of vehicle (kg)
Mp Propellant mass (kg) Mo Mf
Mdry Mf Burnout mass
Mdry Payload mass adapter mass propulsion system dry mass propellant residuals ...
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STS launch
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• Earth Orbit Definitions
• Apogee the farthest point from the Earth.
• Perigee the closest point to the Earth. Because
  of the Earth's atmosphere, this cannot be less
  than about 80 miles above the surface.
• For circular orbits, the apogee and perigee are
  the same.
• Period the time it takes to go around the Earth
  once. (The apogee and perigee determine the
  period.)
• Inclination the angle the orbital plane makes
  with the Earth's equatorial plane.

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With advanced propulsion, one must always look to
the past and look to the future.