What Is Science

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What Is Science???

• An organized way to observe and collect data to
  learn about the natural world
• The study of something in a manner that can be
  tested

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Why is Science important?

• It gives us a means to study nature.
• It allows us to explain events in nature
• It allows us to make predictions about the
  natural world.
• Example what will the long term affects of
  global warming be?
• Another example How would losing one species in
  a food web affect the other species in that food
  web.

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The Scientific Method

• Identify the Problem
• Collect Background Info.
• Form a Hypothesis
• Perform experiments
• Collect Data
• Analyze Data
• Form a Conclusion
• Re-test Hypothesis

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Observation Types

• Qualitative involve characteristics or traits
  that cannot be easily counted or measured
• For example, The dogs fur is black
• Quantitative involves characteristics that can
  be easily counted or measured
• For example, The dog has two eyes.

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What is Data?

• The information gathered through observations
  and/or experimentation.
• Sometimes referred to as evidence.

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Defining an Inference

• An inference is a logical interpretation based on
  prior knowledge and experience.
• An example would be if you see an eagle with a
  white head, you might infer that it is a bald
  eagle.
• Based on the way people dress we make inferences
  all the time. I. e. if a person wears nice
  clothes they have lots of money, or if they
  pierce their nose they like punk rock.

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Observation and Inference
Section 1-1
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
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8
Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is an explanation for a set of
  observations or an answer to a scientific
  question.
• ALL HYPOTHESES HAVE TO BE ABLE TO BE TESTED
  OTHERWISE IT IS USELESS TO SCIENCE!!!!!

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3 Ways Hypotheses arise

• Prior Knowledge
• Logical inferences
• Imaginative guesses

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What is a Theory???

• It is a well tested hypothesis that has not been
  refuted by scientific observation or
  experimentation.
• I. e. The Theory of Evolution, Geologic Time, or
  Plate Tectonics.
• These are all well established Scientific
  Theories.

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Spontaneous generation

• Aristotle originated idea 2300 years ago
• This idea was not scientifically tested until
  1668.
• Redi proposed a new hypothesis for how life
  originates
• Maggots from flies hypothesis.

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Controlled Experiments

• An experiment in which there is only one
  manipulated or independent variable.
• All other variables need to be controlled
• A manipulated Variable is a variable that is
  being changed
• A controlled variable is a variable that is kept
  constant throughout the experiment
• A responding variable is a variable that changes
  in response to the manipulated variable

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Concept Map 1Re-create this in your notes
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Concept Map 1
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Redis Experiment

• Controlled experiment
• Tested whether flies have anything to do with the
  emergence of maggots.
• What is the manipulated variable? Why?
• What are the controlled variables? Why?
• What is the responding variable? Why?

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Figure 1-8 Redis Experiment on Spontaneous
Generation
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS Flies land on meat that is left
uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables jars, type of
meat, location, temperature, time
Manipulated Variables gauze covering that keeps
flies away from meat
Several days pass
Responding Variable whether maggots appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION Maggots form only when flies come in
contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of
maggots did not occur.
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Spallanzanis Experiment
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Figure 1-10 Spallanzanis Experiment
Section 1-2
Gravy is boiled.
Flask is open.
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Flask is sealed.
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
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Pasteurs Experiment On spontaneous generation
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Figure 1-11 Pasteurs Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of microorganisms for a year.
Curved neck is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
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Figure 1-11 Pasteurs Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of microorganisms for a year.
Curved neck is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section
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Figure 1-11 Pasteurs Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of microorganisms for a year.
Curved neck is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section
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Figure 1-11 Pasteurs Experiment
Section 1-2
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of microorganisms for a year.
Curved neck is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Go to Section
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Pasteur Continued

• Why was Pasteurs experiment so important?
• It allowed air into the flask ended the last
  debate over spontaneous generation.

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Field Observation Studies

• Controlled experiments can not always be used
• Instead scientists sometimes use Field
  Observation studies.
• F. O. S. are when scientists observe nature and
  collect data without interfering in anyway.
• I. e. a scientist studying Gorillas in the wild.

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Section 1-3 Living Characteristics
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Biology

• The science that seeks to understand the living
  world.
• Types of biologists includes
• Zoologists
• Botanists
• Marine biologists
• And more specific types

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Characteristics of Living Things

• Made of cells
• Have to reproduce
• Based on genetic code (contain DNA)
• Grow and develop
• Use materials and energy
• Respond to their environment
• Maintain homeostasis
• Change over time as a group (evolve)
• C. R. G. G. U. R. H. E.

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Characteristics of Living Things
Section 1-3
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single
cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.
Living things reproduce.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can
reproduce asexually by budding.
Living things are based on a universal genetic
code.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds
from maple trees produce maple trees.
Living things grow and develop.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots,
and then become adult flies.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.
Animals obtain their energy from the food they
eat.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things respond to their environment.
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because
they have become adapted to the conditions of the
desert.
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Ancronym for Characteristics

• C-
• R-
• G-
• G-
• U-
• R-
• H-
• E-

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Cells

• Are the smallest units of an organism
• Unicellular- means to only have one cell
• Examples are bacteria and paramecium
• Multicellular- means to have many cells
• Examples include dogs, cats, and humans OH MY!

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Reproduction

• Production of viable offspring
• Sexual reproduction- two cells unite to form the
  first cell of a new organism (egg and sperm)
• Asexual reproduction- the new organism is
  identical to the parent cell it came from.
• I. e. mitosis, binary fission

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Grow and develop

• All living things grow and develop
• This often occurs in stages, such as our own
  embryonic stages or like the metamorphic stages
  of a butterfly

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DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)

• All living things have DNA in every cell that
  gives instructions to the cell.

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Metabolism

• Chemical reactions through which organisms builds
  up or breaks down materials.
• Determines amount of energy used/needed

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Homeostasis

• This is how organisms keep their internal
  conditions relatively stable.
• This homeostasis is constantly being threatened
  by the environment.
• Think about the movie Biodome.

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Evolve

• Organisms change over time as a group
• Remember the bacteria!
• Over time organisms with useful characteristics
  survive to reproduce while non useful
  characteristics do not. This causes the
  individuals w/ non useful characteristics to
  decrease and the individuals w/ useful char. to
  increase in number.
• Snakes hind legs is a good example.

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8 Levels of Organization

• Biosphere
• Ecosystem
• Community
• Population
• Organism
• Groups of cells
• Cells
• molecules

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Section 1-3
Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization
The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems
Biosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream,
rocks, air
Populations that live together in a defined area
Community
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Group of organisms of one type that live in the
same area
Population
Bison herd
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Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Organism
Individual living thing
Bison
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
Groups of Cells
Nervous system
Brain
Nervous tissue
Smallest functional unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms smallest unit of most
chemical compounds
Molecules
DNA
Water
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Making a Graph From A Data Table
Section 1-4
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
Absorbed by Roots (g/h)
Released by Leaves (g/h)
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Water released by leaves
Time
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8 AM
2
1
10
Relative Rates (g/h)
10 AM
5
1
12
12 PM
4
5
2 PM
6
17
Water released by leaves
4 PM
9
16
0
6 PM
14
10
8 AM
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM
8 PM
10
3
Time
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