EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE

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EUKARYOTICCELL STRUCTURE
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Three Basic parts of a cell

• Cytoplasm
• Between cell membrane and nucleus
• Holds organelles
• Plasma (cell) membrane
• Outer boundary of cell
• Regulates what enters
  and exits cell
• gives support to cell

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Nucleus

• Center of cell
• Passes on hereditary information
• Controls cell activity
• Nuclear envelope / Nuclear pores
• Outer boundary of nucleus
• Regulates what enters and exits the nucleus

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Nucleoplasm

• Between nuclear envelope and nucleolus
• Holds nucleolus and chromatin

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Chromatin

• Composed of DNA
• Threadlike structure
• Responsible for passing on hereditary information
• Normally invisible
• Coils into chromosomes when cell replicates

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CHROMOSOMES

• Appear when cell prepares to replicate
• Passes on hereditary information
• Composed of 2 chromatids connected by
  centromere
• Occur in pairs
• Humans possess 46 chromosomes

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Nucleolus

• In nucleoplasm
• Composed of RNA
• Makes ribosomes

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MITOCHONDRIA

• Found in cytoplasm
• Performs cellular respiration to break down
  glucose and release ATP
• Cells power house
• Possesses its own maternal DNA

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CRISTAE

• Inner folded membrane of mitochondria
• Provides increased surface area for cellular
  respiration

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RIBOSOMES

• Found in cytoplasm and attached to endoplasmic
  reticulum
• Numerous/circular
• Synthesizes proteins
• Cells protein factory

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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Attached to cell membrane and extends to nuclear
  envelope
• Cells highway system
• Transports materials throughout the cell and
  BUILDS LIPIDS
• Few ribosomes

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ROUGHENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

• Attached to cell membrane and extends to nuclear
  envelope
• Transports materials throughout the cell
• provides INCREASED SURFACE AREA for PROTEIN
  SYNTHESIS and PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Combined cell highway system and protein factory

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GOLGI APPARATUS

• Found in cytoplasm
• Series of flattened sacs
• Processes, packages, secretes, and modifies
  proteins for export
• Cells protein packaging factory

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VESICLESP.82-83

• LYSOSOMES
• PEROXISOMES
• GLYOXYSOMES
• ENDOSOMES
• VACUOLES

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LYSOSOMES

• Found in cytoplasm of ANIMAL CELLS
• Produces enzymes that digests old organelles
• AUTOPHAGY
• Cells janitor

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LYSOSOMES

• In liverbreaks down glycogen to release glucose

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PEROXISOMES

• Similar to lysosomes
• Neutralize FREE RADICALS
• Radicals
• cell damaging oxygen ions
• Detoxify alcohol
• Break down fatty acids

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GLYOXYSOMES

• Specialized peroxisomes
• Found in plant seeds
• Break down stored fats to provide energy for
  developing plant embryo

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ENDOSOMES

• Vesicle that pinches off from an engulfing plasma
  membrane
• Lysosomes aid in digestion of engulfed material

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VACUOLAR MEMBRANE

• Outer boundary of vacuole
• Regulates what enters and exits the vacuole

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VACUOLE

• Found in cytoplasm
• In animal cell---
• STORES FOOD /NUTRIENTS
• In plant cell ---
• STORES WATER

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CONTRACTILE VACUOLE

• Eliminates excess water from protists
• Paramecium / ameobaradial canal
• Collects excess H2O

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CYTOSKELETON

• MICROFILAMENTS
• Found in cytoplasm
• THIN THREADS
• Provides support to the cell
• Causes cytoplasmic streaming
• Contributes to cell movement and contraction of
  muscle cells

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CYTOSKELETON

• MICROTUBULES
• Tubular shape
• Found in cytoplasm
• Provides support to the cell

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CENTRIOLES

• Just outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm at
  right angles to each other
• Function in cell reproduction
• Composed of microtubules
• in animal cells only

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CILIA

• Tiny hair-like projections that cover surface of
  organism
• Composed of microfilaments and microtubules

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CILIA

• Move in synchronization
  like tiny oars
• Provides a twisting propulsion
  (thousands of tiny oars)
• Sweep food / water into mouthlike openings
• i.e. paramecium

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CILIA

• In inner ear---
• vibrate and detects sound

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FLAGELLA

• Long tail like structure
• Composed of microfilaments and microtubules
• Provides whip like motion
• Sperm cell

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FLAGELLA

• Propels organism
• i.e. Euglena on anterior

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PLASTIDS

• Organelles found ONLY in PLANT cells
• AMYLOPLAST
• (LEUCOPLAST)
• CHLOROPLAST
• CHROMOPLAST

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AMYLOPLAST(leucoplast)

• Found in cytoplasm
• Stores starch

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CHLOROPLASTS

• Found in cytoplasm
• Performs photosynthesis to produce glucose
• Chlorophyll green pigment

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THYLAKOID

• Inside chloroplast
• Collects sunlight
• System of connected grana
• GRANA
• Stacks of chlorophyll
• CHLOROPHYLL
• green pigment

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CHROMOPLAST

• Found in cytoplasm
• Aids in photosynthesis by collecting green light
• CAROTENE
• Orange pigment
• XANTHOPHYLL
• Yellow pigment

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CELL WALL

• Beginning next to cell membrane
• Provides structure and protection
• SECONDARY WALL
• PRIMARY WALL
• MIDDLE LAMELLA

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MIDDLE LAMELLA

• Found between 2 plant cells
• Composed of pectin
• Gelatinous material that glues cells together

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PRIMARY WALL

• Located between the secondary wall and the middle
  lamella
• Provides support to the cell
• Composed of cellulose

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SECONDARY WALL

• Located between the cell membrane and the primary
  wall
• Provides support and strength to the cell
• Composed of cellulose and LIGNIN
• Lignin composes wood