Earth and Space Science Core 40 Review

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Earth and Space Science Core 40 Review

• Mr. Baers Earth Science Class

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The Universe

• Formation
• The Big Bang Theory
• Widely accepted theory for the formation of our
  universe
• Doppler Effect
• Red and Blue shifting

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Big Bang

• Developed by Hubbell
• Universe began as a single chunk of matter and
  energy and then exploded.
• Evidences of Big Bang
• galaxies spectra are red shifted
• background radiation dust
• The universe is expanding.

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Big Bang

• Two different options for our universe.
• Open Universe
• Universe will continue to expand and run out of
  energy eventually dieing off into empty space
• Closed Universe
• Universe will eventually be overcome by gravity
  and return to single chunk only to explode again

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Big Bang

• This all took place between 15 - 20 billion years
  ago based on the information scientists have
  today.

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Formation of Solar Systems

• Nebular/Condensation Theory
• Large, spinning clouds of dust and gas in space
  begin to condense to form stars and planets.
  (Solar Systems)
• Particles condense to form planetismals, these
  planetismals condense to form protoplanets,
  eventually becoming planets.

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Solar System

• Aristotle geocentric
• Earth imperfect/changeable
• Heavens perfect/unchangeable
• Ptolemy geocentric/perfect circles
• C pernicus heliocentric/perfect circles
• Kepler elliptical orbits/change speeds
  
• Galileo telescope to defend Copernicus
• Newton orbit inertia gravity

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Solar System

• As a planets orbit increases in distance from
  the Sun so does its period of revolution.
• EXAMPLE
• Mercury revolves the fastest around the Sun, then
  Venus, Earth, Mars, ETC

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Orbits

• Orbiting bodies that follow elliptical orbits
  change speeds throughout their orbit.

B
A
C
D
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Our Sun

• Our Sun is a
• slightly oversized
• MAIN SEQUENCE star.

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Stars
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Sun, Moon and Tides

• As the Earth orbits the Sun and the Moon orbits
  the Earth, the gravitational interactions affect
  the tides here on Earth.

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Atmosphere

• The atmosphere has distinctive layers.

exosphere

• Thermosphere

ionosphere

• Mesosphere meteors burn up here

• Stratosphere ozone layer jet stream

• Troposphere nearest the surface

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Atmosphere

• Air moves from areas of
• high pressure ? low pressure.
• Warm air is less dense than cold air.
• More dense air sinks toward the Earth
• Less dense air rises in the atmosphere

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Sea Breeze
1. Sunlight is absorbed by water and beach
Sand Water
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Sea Breeze
2. The sand gets hotter than the water temperature
Sand ? CONDUCTOR Water ? INSULATOR ?
TEMP ? TEMP
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Sea Breeze
3. Air in contact with the sand gets hotter than
air over the water, and the hot air rises
Sand ? CONDUCTOR Water ? INSULATOR ?
TEMP ? TEMP
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Sea Breeze
4. Cold air over the water sinks and flows to
replace the rising warm air.
Sand ? CONDUCTOR Water ? INSULATOR ?
TEMP ? TEMP
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Land Breeze
1. The sand cools faster than the water
temperature
Sand ? CONDUCTOR Water ? INSULATOR ?
TEMP ? TEMP
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Land Breeze
2. Air in contact with the water rises slowly
Sand ? CONDUCTOR Water ? INSULATOR ?
TEMP ? TEMP
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Land Breeze
3. Cool air over the land replaces the warmer air
over the water.
Sand ? CONDUCTOR Water ? INSULATOR ?
TEMP ? TEMP
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High and Low Pressure

• High pressure spins clockwise
• Usually brings clear weather
• Low pressure spins counterclockwise
• Extreme low pressure causes tornadoes (over land)
  and hurricanes (over water). Severe Weather

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In air masses, the coriolis effect is caused by
these two motions
Coriolis Effect

• moving air (N ? S)
• rotating Earth (W ? E)

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Fronts

• 1. Cold front
• (cold air meets pushes up warm air)

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• 2. Warm front
• (warm air overtakes cold air)

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Water Cycle
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Fresh Water

• About 85 of the 3 fresh water on Earth is solid
  (icecaps/glaciers)
• The rest (liquid) is found as surface water
  (lakes/streams) and groundwater.

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Ground Water

• Water contained in the ground is called ground
  water.
• Ground water comes from the surface as water gets
  pulled through the layers of the Earth.
• Contains dissolved minerals.
• Artesian wells/springs/aquifers

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River Flow

• The steeper the grade (gradient) the faster the
  river will flow.
• gradient fall/run
• EXAMPLE
• A river flowing down the side of a mountain
  
• will flow more rapidly than a
  river
• in a flat low lying area.

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Age of the Earth

• James Hutton known as the father of modern
  geology founder of uniformitarianism.
• He is most well known for changing the thoughts
  of the age of the Earth. He believed that the
  Earth is much older than people had originally
  thought.

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Age of the Earth

• Currently most scientists believe that the Earth
  is about 4.5 billion years old.
• Life did not appear on Earth until about 3.5
  billion years ago.

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Plate Tectonics

• Continental Drift theory
• continents started as one massive continent
  called Pangaea.
• theory developed by Alfred Wegener
• Sea-Floor Spreading
• occurs at the mid-ocean ridges where
• magma is pushed up from the mantle to form new
  rock
• causes these plates to drift apart

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Plate Tectonics

• Youngest rocks are found at these mid-ocean
  ridges and rock gets older as it gets further
  away from these ridges.

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Plate Boundaries

• Where ocean crust meets continental crust, ocean
  crust subducts underneath the continental crust
  causing the continental crust to be uplifted.

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Hot Spots

• There are some hot spots where magma pushes up
  through the crust regularly. As the plates move
  these hot spots can form island chains like the
  Hawaiian Islands

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Rock Formation

• Igneous rock
• lava/magma cools
• Sedimentary rock
• weathered and eroded sediments
• compacted and cemented together
• Metamorphic rocks
• existing rock under heat and pressure

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Formation and Deposition

• Sedimentary rocks form in horizontal layers one
  on top of the other.
• Superpositionyounger rocks form on top
  of older rocks.
• Sometimes other forces push older igneous rocks
  on top of younger sedimentary rock
  unconformities
• i.e. Indianas glacial till.

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Studies of Earth Science

• Paleontology
• Seismology
• Petrology
• Cartography
• Gemology
• Meteorology

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Origin of O2 in the Earth

• The presence of molecular oxygen in the Earth is
  credited mostly to photosynthetic plants.
  Without photosynthesis there would be very little
  if any free molecular oxygen.

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Too much CO2

• The burning of fossil fuels by human beings for
  energy consumption may be increasing the levels
  of CO2 in the atmosphere which could lead to an
  increase in the green house effect. This could
  eventually lead to global warming.