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Introduction to International Space Law

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... months of arduous negotiation, the first International Telegraph Convention was ... In effect, ITU Controls All Orbital Space Around Earth via Radio Frequencies ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction to International Space Law


1
Introduction to International Space Law
  • Week Nine (9)
  • ITU Geostationary Orbits
  • www.mansat.org

2
  • International Telecommunications Union ITU
  • Based in Geneva
  • Oldest UN Body
  • Predates the UN and League of Nations
  • On 17 May 1865, after two and a half months of
    arduous negotiation, the first International
    Telegraph Convention was signed in Paris by the
    20 founding members, and the International
    Telegraph Union (ITU) was created source ITU.

3
ITU Membership
  • Only Sovereign Nation States Can Be Members
  • Only Members Can Vote
  • UN Outer Space Treaty 96 States Ratified, 27
    Signed.
  • ITU 184 Members

4
ITU Purpose
  • To Prevent Harmful Interference
  • To Prevent Conflict
  • To Keep Lines of Communication Open

5
ITU Organization
  • Secretary General
  • Council
  • 25 of all Member States (Currently 46 Members of
    Council)
  • 1989, ITU streamlined into three Sectors
  • Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T)
  • Radiocommunication (ITU-R)
  • Telecommunication Development (ITU-D).

6
ITU-R
  • ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R)
  • Radiocommunication Sector charged with
  • determining the technical characteristics and
    operational procedures for a range of wireless
    services. The Sector also plays a role in the
    management of the radio-frequency spectrum, a
    finite natural resource which is increasingly in
    demand due to the rapid development of new
    radio-based services and the enormous popularity
    of mobile communications technologies.

7
ITU-R II
  • Wireless Communications Systems
  • cellular and cordless phones
  • radio-based fleet management systems
  • radio and television broadcasting
  • next-generation Web-ready personal digital
    assistants
  • Satellite Telecommunications Broadcast
  • navigation and global positioning systems,
    environmental monitoring and deep space research.

8
ITU-R III
  • Role as global spectrum coordinator
  • Radio Regulations,
  • set of rules which serve as a binding
    international treaty governing the use of the
    radio spectrum by some 40 different services
    around the world.
  • Also acts, through its Bureau, as central
    registrar of international frequency use,
    recording and maintaining the Master
    International Frequency Register which currently
    includes around 1,265,000 terrestrial frequency
    assignments, 325,000 assignments servicing 1,400
    satellite networks, and another 4,265 assignments
    related to satellite earth stations.

9
ITU Activities
  • World Radio Conferences
  • Regional Plenipotentiary Meetings
  • Orbital Filing
  • Coordination of Landing Rights

10
ITU Geostationary Orbit
  • Allocates all Geostationary Orbital Positions on
    a First Come, First Served Basis
  • Only to Nation States
  • The Province of All Mankind
  • Rules of Coordination established through Radio
    Regulations
  • In effect, ITU Controls All Orbital Space Around
    Earth via Radio Frequencies

11
Geostationary Orbit
  • Basis for 100 Billion industry in 2001
  • Geostationary orbits comprise the largest single
    segment of the space-based telecommunications
    industry.
  • From an altitude of 22,300 miles, the foot
    print of a geostationary satellite is able to
    cover one third of the globe.
  • Three such satellites positioned around the
    equator can cover the globe reaching over 98 of
    the worlds population.

12
Orbital Revenue Cycle
13
Key Role of Geo
  • No Geostationary Orbital Position, No Satellite
    BusinessNo Services from Space
  • No Geostationary Orbital Position, No Financing
    from Banks
  • No Financing from Banks, No Purchase of
    Satellite, Launch Vehicle
  • Geostationary Orbital Position Comes Before All
    Else even determines market
  • Allocated Position and Frequencies Landing
    Rights

14
Norad Geo Belt
15
(No Transcript)
16
Uses of Geostationary Orbits
  • Geostationary orbits are primarily used for two
    functions
  • Weather monitoring
  • Telecommunications Broadcasting
  • Commercial growth is focused on
  • DTH TV (Direct To Home Sky TV)
  • Phone, Fax, Video, Data services
  • Mobile Communications
  • VSAT USAT
  • Digital Radio

17
How To File for a Geo Position
  • Only Allocated to National Governments
  • Go to National Government
  • Request Orbital Position (s)
  • US Companies (Non Governmental Entities) work
    through FCC
  • UK through UK Radiocommunications Agency
  • Prepare ITU Paperwork
  • API, APS4
  • File Coordinate
  • First Come, First Served Priority!

18
Issues
  • Fair Allocation of Geostationary Orbits
  • Developed vs. Developing Nations
  • World Radio Conferences Teledesic
  • Paper Satellites
  • Landing Rights
  • Open Skies - GATT WTO - EU CEPT
  • Export Control

19
Paper Satellites
  • First Come First Served
  • No Limit of Number of Filings
  • Everybody Filed Just In Case
  • Swamped System for Legitimate Users
  • Developing Nations Refusing to Coordinate with
    Real Filings in System.

20
Tonga TongaSat
  • Dr. Matt Nilson created Tongasat, as an Agent of
    and in partnership with the Tongan Government,
    specifically to apply to the ITU for a variety of
    geostationary positions and frequencies over the
    Pacific Ocean.
  • Tongasat was the first to utilize such satellite
    positions and frequencies for commercial use.
  • Filed for 30 Positions and tried to find
    customers for them.
  • Started great Land Grab in Space
  • Started Problem of Paper Satellites

21
Luxembourg SES Astra
  • Europes first commercial satellite company.
    Partner with, and Agent of, the Luxembourg
    Government.
  • SES Astra applied for geostationary positions
    with unregulated frequencies for direct
    commercial television broadcast over Europe.
  • Demonstrated Value of Unregulated Frequencies
  • Added to Land Grab started by Tonga
  • Increased Problem of Paper Satellites

22
ManSat Isle of Man
  • First Commercial Company in World to Have Filing
    Rights at ITU
  • Through sole and exclusive agreement, ManSat
    Limited is assisting the Isle of Man Government
    in the preparation of its orbital filings to the
    International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for
    all Earth orbits and associated radio frequencies
    with special focus on geostationary orbit 
  • Taking Different Approach to Bypassing Issue of
    Paper Satellites Only Filing For Real Systems.
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