Tuesday, Sept 11

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Tuesday, Sept 11 Professor Jane Adams,
Ph.D. If you are new today or have not yet
provided this information to me, please give me
your preferred email address and the name(s) of
the prerequisite Biology courses (or Psy 105)
that you have had. To all please forward your
University email account to your preferred email
address if you do not check the University
account regularly.
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• Other new research tools
• manipulate genetics by creating a knock-out or
  knock-in mouse (without or with a certain gene)
  and examine effects
• examine the neurochemistry of the brain through
  the use of radioactive antibodies or antibodies
  attached to a dye labels a particular
  neurochemical and allows examination of how it is
  different across group or behavioral conditions
  under which it is used most
• anesthetize or stimulate an area of the brain
  and see what happens (Wada technique electrical
  stimulation)
• single cell recording to determine what areas
  process what kind of stimuli (awake animals)

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• All behavioral neuroscience research is
  multidisciplinary!
• Comparative psychology
• Behavioral genetics
• Developmental neuroscience
• Neuropsychology
• Cognitive neuroscience

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• Functions of the Nervous System
• To control bodily functions
• To receive information from the environment (via
  senses)
• To interpret new information in comparison with
  the old to generate choices and decisions (nice
  dog? mean dog?)
• To guide actions and control bodily functions
  (pet? run?)
• Thus, it must acquire, analyze, store, and
  utilize information from the external world and
  control internal physiological processes.

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• Nervous system is composed of 2 broad categories
  of cells glia and neurons
• Glial cells outnumber neurons at least 91.
• The basic organization of the brain is the same
  in all mammals, but humans have greater
  interconnectedness among parts and a higher ratio
  of glia to neurons.
• First, the gross anatomy of the brain, then the
  peripheral nervous system, then neurochemistry,
  then exam.

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neuron
Axon wrapped in glial cells
-------------------glial cell
axon
neuron
-------------------synapse
neuron
glial cells
blood vessel
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• The Structure of the Nervous System
• I. Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord
• II. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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Forebrain
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
--------------------------------------------------
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
--------------------------------------------------
Hindbrain
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
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• 1. Forebrain
• A. Telencephalon
• largest division
• mediates most complex functions
• contains 2 hemispheres of brain
• hemispheres are covered by the cortex (CEO)
• cortex has fissures that create its external
  appearance and allow a greater surface area
• parts are divided into lobes anatomically and
  functionally

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External Appearance of the Cortex Fissures -
folds in the cerebral cortex Sulci - plural of
sulcus - deep valleys in the folds Gyri - plural
of gyrus - the ridges of tissue (peaks) next to
the folds of the cortex
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Functions Associated with 4 Lobes 1. Frontal
Lobes - planning and organization of behavior
motor control 2. Temporal Lobes - hearing
emotion memory formation and processing (not
storage) 3. Parietal Lobes processing of
sensory information from skin and body
(somatosensory) 4. Occipital Lobes - vision
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Spatial organization of the sensory cortex
reflects a map of the body parts it receives
information from or controls Somatotopic
organization True for all sensory cortex most
easily seen in sensorimotor areas of cortex.
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General Principle of Neural Organization The
size and complexity of neural structures are
related to the importance of the functions they
control. Humans large occipital area for
vision large sensory-motor area for hands and
face Bats large auditory area
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Divisions of the Adult Brain

• 1. Forebrain
• A. Telencephalon
• underneath the cortex are important structures
  of the limbic system and basal ganglia
• Limbic system - motivated behaviors emotion
  certain aspects of memory formation (also has
  structures in diencephalon)

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6 Fs of Limbic System Functioning 1) Fleeing
defensive actions 2) Fighting offensive
actions aggression 3) Feeding hunger and
thirst 4) Sex Behavior mating behavior
parental behavior 5) Feeling - a major control
center for emotion 6) Formation of memory
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Divisions of the Adult Brain
1. Forebrain A. Telencephalon Limbic system -
motivated behaviors emotion certain aspects of
memory formation Basal ganglia - voluntary motor
movements
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Basal Ganglia structures are in purple
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Divisions of the Adult Brain

• 1. Forebrain
• A. Telencephalon cortex, limbic system, basal
  ganglia
• B. Diencephalon
• contains the thalamus - sensory relay station
• contains the hypothalamus - regulates many
  hormones
• contains the optic chiasm - point where nerves
  from each eye come together (sits underneath
  not shown)

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- in orange
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Divisions of the Adult Brain

• 1. Forebrain
• 2. Midbrain - Mesencephalon
• role in hearing vision movement pain reward
  centers

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Ventral tegmentum and nucleus accumbens reward
centers
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• 3. Hindbrain
• A. Metencephalon (upper parts)
• contains the pons and cerebellum
• role in arousal, attention, sleep, movement,
  balance
• carries signals between brain and body
• B. Myelencephalon
• medulla - lower part -same functions as above
  plus
• role in regulation of heart, circulation,
  respiration

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