Major Approaches to Studying Leadership

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Major Approaches to Studying Leadership

• Heredity
• Graphology
• Astrology
• Phrenology
• Traits
• Behaviors
• Contingency Theories
• New Frontiers

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Leader Behavior Theories of Leadership
Leadership Theory Use of Authority
Overall Orientation McGregors Theory X Y
Autocrat vs. Participative Likerts
4 Systems Autocrat Benevolent
Autocrat Consultative
Participative Harvard Studies Task
vs. Social Michigan Studies Job vs.
Employee Centered Ohio State Studies
Initiating vs Consideration Structure
Managerial Grid Production vs.
People
Narrow Definition General Definition
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Leadership Questionnaires Scoring Keys
Leadership Style Questionnaire Total of
adegjlmors X Score Total of
bcfhiknpqt Y Score Y - X
score T-P Questionnaire Task
1246791112(R)13141617(R)202123 25
27293133 People 358(R) 101518(R)19(R)2
224262830(R) 3234(R)35(R) Where (R)
means you reverse code the responses
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Managerial Grid
High Low
1,9
9,9 Country
Team Club
5,5 Middle of the Road
Push
for Impoverished
Production 1,1
9,1
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Concern for People
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Concern for Production
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Tannenbaum Schmidt
Managers Use of Authority
Area of Freedom for Subordinates
Styles of Leadership
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Fiedlers Contingency theory
Leader- Member Good Relations
Poor Relations Relations Task Structure Lead
er Power Position
Structured Unstructured
Structured Unstructured
Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak
Strong Weak
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8

Very Situational Favorableness Very
Favorable Unfavorable
Leader Production
Employee Production Style
Centered
Centered Centered
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Path-Goal Theory of Leadership
Type of Subordinate
Leader Subordinate Subordinate
Behavior Perceptions Outcomes
Directive Valence Effort Supportive
Expectancy Motivation Achievement
Instrumentality Performance Participa
tive Satisfaction
Type of Task
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Hersey and Blanchards Life Cycle Theory
High Low
Relationship Behavior
Low High
Task Behavior
High Low
Maturity (Readiness) Level of Subordinates
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Vertical Dyad Linkage Model (Leader-Member
Exchange LMX)
Leader
Out-group In-group
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Operant Approach to Leadership (Leader Reward
Behavior)
Antecedent Behavior Consequence
D
S B R
Discriminative Behavior
Positive Stimulus
Response Reinforcement
Leader Behavior
Leader Behavior
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Substitutes for Leadership
Substitute for Leader Behaviors
Characteristics Relationship Task
Subordinate Characteristics Ability
Experience X Need for
Independence X X
Professional Orientation X X Task
Characteristics Routine Tasks X
Clear Feedback provided by Task X
Intrinsically Satisfying Task
X Organizational Characteristics
Formalization X Cohesive Work
Groups X X Org. Rewards Outside
Leaders Control X X
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Transformational Leadership
Three Characteristics 1. Charismatic
Behavior - instills pride instills
faith instills a sense of vision 2.
Individual Consideration - delegates to
stimulate learning a Human Resource Style 3.
Intellectual Stimulation - encourages
development of new ideas encourages
rethinking old ideas encourages risk
taking Contrast to Other Leadership Theories A.
Focuses attention on the leader per se not on
leader-subordinate relations. B. Focuses on the
total organization
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Attribution Theory of Leadership
Traditional Leadership Theory
L P
Attribution Theory of Leadership
P L
Successful Leaders Those who are able to attach
themselves to successes and disassociate
themselves from failures.
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Time Span of Discretion
Action 1 Outcome 1
President A
Attachment Process
Time Span of Discretion
President B
Action 2
Time
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Putting it all together
Classification Schemes e.g., Content vs.
Process Use Perspective e.g., Selection
Placement vs. Training Development Leadership
Themes Executive Leadership
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A Thematic Approach to Leadership
Organization
Renewal
Transformational
Transformational
Transactional
Conditional
Leader VDL Path Life Contin-
Decision Reward Goal Cycle gency
Making
Compliance Commitment
Individual Group
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Executive Leadership
Individual Differences
Selection of the Leader
Organizational, Group, Subordinate Performance
Retention, Succession
Leader Behaviors
Attribution Transformational,
Attribution Theory Conditional,
Theory Transactional