The Advent of Commercial Computing 1945 - 1956

1
The Advent of Commercial Computing 1945 - 1956

• Introduction
• The UNIVAC in Context
• Punched Cards
• The Card-Programmed Calculator
• The Stored-Program Principle
• John von Neumanns Role
• The von Neumann Architecture and Its Significance
• From ENIAC to UNIVAC First Transformation
• UNIVAC

2
Introduction

• Until 1945, computing as we know it was for
  scientific research and military purposes
• In the mid 1950s IBM developed a line of
  products that met the information-handling needs
  of businesses
• A decade later, MITs Project Whirlwind turned
  the computer into a device that one interacted
  with.

3
Introduction

• Mid 1970s, a group of hobbyists transformed it
  into personal appliance
• In 1980s, it became a standardized consumer
  product defined by its now-commercialized
  software
• In 1990s it continues to transform our lives,
  becoming an unparallel communication medium

4
The UNIVAC in Context

• Universal Automatic Computer (Eckert Mauchly
  1951).
• UNIVAC was to solve problems (scientists,
  engineers, and businesses)
• Solve problems without constant human
  intervention or judgment
• UNIVAC was a new technology to replace all
  previous computing technologies.

5
Punched Cards

• ENIAC was designed and built by Eckert
  Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore
  School of EE.
• ENIAC was an electronic calculator that
  inaugurated the era of digital computing in the
  US Army.
• Punched card machines are often called unit
  record equipment The card hold all relevant
  information about a particular entity.

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Punched Cards

• Punched-card room and the people that worked in
  it were very important part of the installation
• The electronic computer replaced the room and
  people not the individual machines
• In mid-1930s, processing information using deck
  of cards was introduced into business practices
• Also, by 1930s a few scientist began using
  punched card equipment for scientific problems
• It perform sequence of operation on each datum
  next operation depended on previous result.

7
The Card-Programmed Calculator

• The calculator machines never truly became
  commercial products
• In 1935 IBM introduced a multiplying punch (model
  601) for scientific and statistical work
• In 1946 IBM introduced an improved model, the
  603, the first commercial IBM product to use
  vacuum tubes for calculating
• Two years later, 604 replaced the 603

8
The Card-Programmed Calculator

• The 604 model execute up to 60 steps fro each
  reading of a card and setting up the plugboard
• IBM Model 604 and 605, became the mainstays of
  scientific computing at many installations until
  reliable commercial computers became available in
  the mid 1950s
• IBM, between 1948 and 1950s ensemble the
  Card-Programmed Calculator (CPC). A programmable
  machine that execute instructions sequentially
• The Aberdeen calculators and the 604 were
  transitional machines between calculators,
  tabulators, and genuine computers like UNIVAC

9
The Stored Program Principle

• The UNIVAC was different from other calculators
  and punched card equipments
• UNIVAC used thousands of vacuum tubes.
• It stored data on tape, not on card
• UNIVAC - was large and expensive system, not a
  collection of different devices
• The UNIVAC was a stored program computer
  this feature made the UNIVAC unique from it
  predecessor
• The ENIAC the term to program or to setup
• The ENIAC was completed in 1945 it operated
  much faster

10
The Stored Program Principle

• The ENIAC could solve complex mathematical
  problems in seconds, but it might take days to
  set it up properly to do that
• The ENIAC formed the basis for the EDVAC
  (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer).
• The concept of storing both instructions and
  data in a common storage unit was key to UNIVAC
  and other computers that followed
• The stored-program principle led to the concept
  of programming later software - both
  separate but as important as hardware design.
  This basic design span from 1945 to 1995. Now
  Parallel processors.

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John von Neumanns Role

• The concept of computer been able to store
  information was realized by Eckert Mauchly in
  1944
• However, John von Neumann first report on the
  EDVAC in 1945 is often cited as the founding
  document of modern computing
• John von Neumann report on the EDVAC describe a
  machine in term of its logical structure rather
  than its hardware construction
• Eckert and Mauchly concept of a stored program
  principle in 1944, John von Neumann detailed same
  stored program principle in 1945

12
John von Neumann Architecture and Its
Significance

• John von Neumanns architecture separation of
  task
• In Neumanns computer the units that process
  information are separate from those that store it
• There was only a single channel between the
  process and store units resulting into the
  so-called Neumann bottleneck
• The main characteristic is that instructions and
  data are stored in the same memory device this
  help to retrieve data faster
• Avoiding idle state of the system
• UNIVAC store could hold up to 1000 words

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John von Neumann Architecture and Its
Significance

• UNIVAC store could hold up to 1000 words
• Numbers 11 digits plus sign, Characters 12
  character per word, or instructions 6
  characters per instruction 2 in each word
• The basic cycle of a von Neumann computer is to
  transfer an instruction from the store to the
  processor, decode that instruction, and execute
  it, using data retrieved from the same store
  present in the processor
• Execution of instructions stored in memory was
  sequential and linear
• Fetch and executing a linear instructions is the
  most lasting of all execution formats.

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From ENIAC to UNIVAC First Transformation

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
  Computer) paved way for the modern computer.
• Doing 15 to 50 additions per second.
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) first
  general purpose electronic computer designed for
  commercial use
• UNIVAC
• The UNIVAC in Use UNIVAC inaugurated the era of
  large computers for what is now called data
  processing applications
• UNIVAC refer to as tape machine, and
  electronic brain

15
IBMs Response

• IBMs response to the UNIVAC announcement was
  to introduce several machines two were on a par
  with UNIVAC another was more modest
• In 1952, IBM introduced the 701, a stored-program
  computer in the same class as the UNIVAC
• IBM called the 701 an electronic data processing
  machine
• The 701 used IBM-designed 3-inch diameter vacuum
  tubes similar to those used in TV set
• MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) of 20 minutes
  constant data swapping to prevent loss

16
The Advent of Commercial Computing 1945 - 1956

• IBMs Response
• Engineering Research Associates
• The Drum Machine
• CRC 102A
• LPG-30
• Bendix G-15
• IBM 650
• Summary
• What Pages 13-77. Neil