Hypnosis and Consciousness

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Hypnosis and Consciousness
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History of Hypnosis

• Franz Anton Mesmer
• Animal Magnetism to Mesmerism to Somnambulism
• James Braid
• Somnambulism to Hypnotism
• Jean Charcot Hippolyte Bernheim
• Hypnotism, Hysteria Suggestibility
• Ernest Hilgard
• Hidden Observer
• Nicholas Spanos
• Social-cognitive view

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Mesmer and Animal Magnetism

• Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
• published his work on animal magnetism in 1779
• used a baquet to induce a crisis

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Mesmerism

• First demonstrated in Vienna
• Mesmer left Vienna
• Demonstrations in Paris
• Franklin Commission to investigate reported that
  there was no magnetism (1784)

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Evolution of Hypnosis

• Abbe Jose Custodio de Faria (1766-1814)
• first to use trance induction
• first to recognize role of belief of the one
  being hypnotized

• Marquis de Puységur (1751-1825)
• demonstrated posthypnotic amnesia
• posthypnotic suggestion

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Evolution of Hypnosis

• James Esdaile, M.D. (1808 - 1859)
• hand passes to create a deep sleep
• hypnotic analgesia for surgery

• James Braid
• (1795 - 1860)
• hypnotism

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Jean Martin Charcot

• Hypnosis as a form of Hysteria
• Head of Salpetriere Hospital in Paris

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Hippolyte Bernheim

• Hypnosis as Suggestibility
• Criticized the methods and the interpretations of
  Charcot

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Ernest Hilgard

• Developed Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
  (SHSS)
• Neo-dissociation theory
• Hidden observer

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Nicholas Spanos

• Hypnosis as a sociocognitive process
• hypnotic behavior is purposeful, goal-directed
  action that can be understood in terms of how the
  subjects interpret their situation and how they
  attempt to present themselves through their
  actions. . . good hypnotic subjects frequently
  behave as if they have lost control over their
  behavior