Student Textbook

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Key Question

• How do you make a topographical map from a
  3-dimensional surface?

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Topography and Topographical maps

• Topography is the shape of the surface of an area
  and includes the elevations of land formations
  like mountains. The topography of a region is
  represented by a topographic map.
• A topographic map is the two-dimensional
  representation of a three-dimensional land
  surface. Scientists use these types of maps to
  understand the effects of geologic processes on
  Earth's surface.

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Topographic contour lines

• Topographic maps show the difference in elevation
  through the use of contours.
• Contour lines connect points of equal elevation.

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Contour lines contour intervals

• Contour lines are drawn at specific intervals
  known as the contour interval.
• What is the contour interval on this map?
• 10 meters
• In this investigation, you will use a model land
  surface to make a contour map.

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Making a topographic map-Using the GeoBox

• The GeoBox has a sticker on the side.
• Each mark on this sticker represents one
  centimeter.
• Pour water into the GeoBox up to the first
  centimeter line.

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Making a topographic map-Using the GeoBox

• The GeoBox has a sticker on the side.
• Each mark on this sticker represents one
  centimeter.
• Pour water into the GeoBox up to the second line.
  This will be our zero mark

0
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• Place the topo lid on the GeoBox.
• Stand over the GeoBox so that you are looking
  down on the topo form.
• With the overhead projector marker, outline the
  perimeter of the land surface onto the lid.
• This will be considered sea level, or the 0
  meter contour line.

Sea level (coastline)
Water covering land surface
Uncovered land surface
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• Label the 0 cm line

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• Now, using your marker, number each centimeter
  above sea level.

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• Remove the topo lid and add water until the water
  level reaches the 1-centimeter mark.

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• Replace the lid. Trace the coastline, the line
  along which the water and land meet, onto the
  lid.
• All points on this line are 1 cm above sea level.
  They form a contour line, a line of equal
  elevation.

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• Replace the lid. Trace the coastline, the line
  along which the water and land meet, onto the
  lid.
• All points on this line are 1 cm above sea level.
  They form a contour line, a line of equal
  elevation.
• Label the 1 cm contour line

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• Add water to the level of the 2 centimeter mark.

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• Add water to the level of the 2 centimeter mark.

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• Replace the lid and again, trace and label the
  coastline.
• All points on this line are 2 centimeters above
  sea level.

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• Continue this procedure until the topo form is
  covered with water.
• Now you have a contour map of your land surface.

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The elevation for each contour represents 100
meters.
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• Use the tracing paper to trace what is on the
  lid. Each partner makes his/her own contour map.
• Now you have a contour map of your land surface.

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Topographic contour lines
Once the contour lines are present on your map,
add details to show land use using standard
mapping symbols.

• Put the following features on your map
• Geographic north
• A contour interval
• A geographic scale
• A verbal scale
• A numeric scale
• A river
• A depression
• An airport

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Color in areas on your map where appropriate.

• Water is shown in blue.
• Densely populated areas are shown in gray or
  pink.
• Wooded areas are in green and open areas in
  white.
• Individual buildings are solid black shapes.

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• What is the direction that your river is flowing?
• What is the difference in elevation between the
  start and end of the river?
• What is the overall total change in elevation in
  your map?
• What is the highest elevation in your map?
• By looking at your map, what area is the
  steepest? Remember Look at the contours to see
  how close or far away they are from each other.

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Guided Practice Topographic Mapping
Display the first overlay of the Topographic Maps
Practice color teaching tool. Engage students in
a class discussion to predict what the contour
diagram will be for each of the profiles shown.
Students may even attempt to draw the diagrams.
Place the second overlay on the overhead. Were
your students predictions correct?
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Guided Practice Topographic Mapping
Display the first overlay of the Topographic Maps
Practice color teaching tool. Engage students in
a class discussion to predict what the contour
diagram will be for each of the profiles shown.
Students may even attempt to draw the diagrams.
Place the second overlay on the overhead. Were
your students predictions correct?
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Guided Practice Topographic Mapping
Display the first overlay of the Topographic Maps
Practice color teaching tool. Engage students in
a class discussion to predict what the contour
diagram will be for each of the profiles shown.
Students may even attempt to draw the diagrams.
Place the second overlay on the overhead. Were
your students predictions correct?
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Guided Practice Topographic Mapping
Display the first overlay of the Topographic Maps
Practice color teaching tool. Engage students in
a class discussion to predict what the contour
diagram will be for each of the profiles shown.
Students may even attempt to draw the diagrams.
Place the second overlay on the overhead. Were
your students predictions correct?
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Guided Practice Topographic Mapping
Display the first overlay of the Topographic Maps
Practice color teaching tool. Engage students in
a class discussion to predict what the contour
diagram will be for each of the profiles shown.
Students may even attempt to draw the diagrams.
Place the second overlay on the overhead. Were
your students predictions correct?
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Guided Practice Topographic Mapping
Engage students in a class discussion to predict
what the contour diagram will be for each of the
profiles shown. Students may even attempt to draw
the diagrams. Were your students predictions
correct?
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Observing Convection Currents

• Place candle and incense under chimneys
• Light incense
• What happens to the smoke?

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Observing Convection Currents

• Light the candle
• What happens to the smoke now that the candle is
  lit?
• Can you explain your observations?

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How does convection affect breezes?
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How does convection affect breezes?
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Exploring Wave Speed

• What happens to the speed of water waves as they
  travel from deep water to shallow water at a
  beach?
• Does wave speed increase or decrease as waves
  move from deep water to shallow water at a beach?

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Experiment!

• Fill GeoBox with water to a depth of 1 cm
• Pick up one end of box 2 to 3 cm off the table.
• Gently drop the box from this height, and time
  how long it takes for the wave to travel back and
  forth 4 times (thats a total of 8 one-way wave
  trips).
• The total distance is 264 cm.
• Divide by the time to get an approximate wave
  speed.
• Put more water in and try it again.
• Does the wave speed increase or decrease?

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