EQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION GENDER POLICY CHALLENGES EMPLOYERS AND GOVERNMENT premises

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EQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATIONGENDER POLICY
CHALLENGES- EMPLOYERS AND GOVERNMENT (premises)
Dr Michal Boni

• Warsaw, 12 December 2007

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PERCEPTION OF GENDER PROBLEMS

• Position in the labour market
• Wages and salaries
• Professional and family functions
• Work, free time, family models versus
  civilisation trends

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FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
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CHANGES IN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT RATES
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EMPLOYMENT IN EU SECTORS
Source European Commission, Employment in Europe
2006
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EDUCATION QUALIFCATIONS

• Female students EU 55 Poland 57
  (mathematics, IT EU 36, Poland 42
  engineer studies EU 24 Poland 20)
• University education total 4 306 000, M 1
  903 000, F 2403 000
• Professionally active with university education
  total 3 409 000, M 1 526 000, F 1 584 000
• Unemployment rate among persons having university
  education similar rate for for M/F 6.4
• Self-employed 36.3 (Denmark - 20.8 Finland
  32.8, UK 26.5)
• Continuous education (acc. to BAEL 2006) M - 253
  000 (5), F 349 000 (6)
• Competence improvement need (foreign languages
  expressed 2 times stronger)

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EMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS AGE(2006)
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FIXED-TERM EMPLOYMENT IN EU
Source European Commission, Employment in Europe
2006
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PART-TIME JOB
Source Working time and work-life balance
policy dilemma? European Foundation for the
Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
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PART-TIME JOB (Poland)

• 1992 2006 slow dropping trend, drop by 300
  000 (20)
• Employed in villages 52.5
• Working in villages, small farms in southern and
  eastern Poland 50
• Employed up to 55 low qualifications, 32
  agriculture
• Industry agriculture, construction industry
  (approx. 60)
• Above 50 40, below 30 28
• Approx. 12 - pensioners and retired persons
• Approx. 16 - the disabled
• Approx. 17 - students
• Approx. 26 - employees supporting families

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EMPLOYMENT CREATION IN EU
Source European Commission, Employment in Europe
2006
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DEMOGRAPHY EU LABOUR RESOURCES (2003 2050)
Source EPC and European Commission (2005a)
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DEMOGRAPHY CHILDREN RATE
Substitition rate
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PROFESSIONAL CAREER CYCLE

• Professional start 20 24, or university?
• Professional start 25 29, or family and a
  child? (child 1 between 23 and 2, child 2
  between 25 and 29/30)
• Come-back to professional activity or delayed
  start
• Position building (opportunities and threats)
  25-29
• Child 2 (difficult decision determined by
  professional position, earnings, child care
  conditions, etc.)
• Come-back to professional activity (30 45)
• Withdrawal from labour market
• Phase 1 45 49 inactiveness, family, grey
  zone, benefits and pre-retirement allowance
• Phase 2 50 55 disabled pension, earlier
  retirement
• Phase 3 55 60 earlier retirement
• Retirement 4 13 of F retires
• Retirement 5 average length of life of F 78
  (widow pensions)

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FAMILY DUTIES VERSUS WORK

• Child care forms for kids up to 14
• Spouse/partner 34.2
• Relatives living in the same household 17.8
  (women of 20-29 lat 27.5)
• Relatives living separately 14.2
• Public care units 16.4
• Private care units 0.6
• Paid babysitter 1.8
• Big correlation of education to external care

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FAMILY DUTIES VERSUS WORK

• Maternity leave
• Male 2.5 of authorised
• Female 49.9 of authorised, including
• 37.3 of women with university education
• 53.8 of women with secondary education
• 59.5 of women with vocational education
• 70.4 of women with primary education
• 93 of persons uses the whole leave at once
• 20 of persons uses partial leave

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CHLDCARE (0 - 3)
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CHILDCARE (3 - 6)
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CONDITIONS FOR COMBINING FAMILY AND PROFESSIONAL
FUNCTIONS
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CONDITIONS FOR COMBINING FAMILY AND PROFESSIONAL
FUNCTIONS
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CONDITIONS FOR COMBINING FAMILY AND PROFESSIONAL
FUNCTIONS
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VARIOUS FORMS OF FLEXIBLE WORKING TIME
ORGANISATION(freedom of form selection)
Source Working time and work-life balance
policy dilemma? European Foundation for the
Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
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NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED IN BUSINESS
Ramey V.A., Francis N., A century of work and
leisure, Cambridge 2006
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NUMBER OF HOURS SPENT ON SCHOOL
Ramey V.A., Francis N., A century of work and
leisure, Cambridge 2006
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NUMBER OF HOURS SPENT FOR HOUSEHOLD DUTIES
WEEKLY AVERAGE
Ramey V.A., Francis N., A century of work and
leisure, Cambridge 2006
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EMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS NUMBER OF CHILDREN (female)
Source Eurostat, GUS, obliczenia wlasne
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STATE POLICY

• Growth of professional activeness (employment
  rate 57 ?)
• Combination of professional and family functions
  (conditions for flexibility and safety)
• Modern "flexibility"
• Bigger utilisation of female potential in the
  labour market (professional start, longer career)
• Economy modernisation
• Equality promotion
• Improvement of childcare conditions
• IN ACCORDANCE WITH CIVILISATION TRENDS

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EMPLOYERS' POLICY

• Openness to the combination of work with family
  functions (flexibility to the employee's benefit
  mutual benefits)
• Models of work and life balance best practices
• Social support enterprises as social policy
  entities (optionally and not obligatorily)
• Broadly understood investments in human capital
  F/M equality in education, work and pay
• APPRECIATION OF CONTRIBUTION IN SOCIAL POLICY

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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

• From
• Fear Management (younger, elder)
• To
• Respect, mutual benefits, balance (solidarity)
  of generations and openness foundation for
  effective investments in human capital