EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

1
EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT
2
NATIVE AMERICANS SPORTS

• Sport was closely aligned with social, spiritual,
  and economic aspects of life
• Gambling was widespread
• Sports played varied by tribe

• Baggataway (lacrosse)
• Shinny
• Double-ball
• Footraces
• Archery
• Swimming
• Fishing
• Canoeing

3
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES IN THE COLONIES

• Early settlers survived with hunting, fishing,
  and work-related recreation
• Puritans forbid frivolous activities
• Dutch bowling sleighing horse racing
• Virginians fox hunting horse racing hawking
  cockfighting
• British influence rounders cricket boxing
  track and field

4
EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Introduction of German gymnastics
• 1823-1833 Round Hill School Joseph Cogswell
  and George Bancroft
• Daily sports and gymnastics
• 1825-1830 Charles Beck turner and friend of
  Friedrich Jahn
• Established an outdoor gymnastics area
• Translated Jahn's book

5
EARLY AMERICAN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

• Charles Follen turner and pupil of Jahn's
• Established gymnasium in Boston in 1826
• Taught the first German gymnastics at Harvard in
  1826
• Francis Lieber pupil of Jahn and a turner
• Directed the Boston gymnasium in 1827
• Started a pool in Boston in 1827

6
GERMAN GYMNASTICS

• In the late 1820s and 1830s, decline of interest
  in German gymnastics
• Round Hill School closed Follen, Lieber, and
  Beck went into other jobs
• Newness wore off
• Too much emphasis on nationalism and strength
• Only German teachers
• Revival of German gymnastics in the 1850s when
  immigrants moved to the Midwest
• 1860 22 turnvereins 1,672 members

7
CATHARINE BEECHER

• Director of the Hartford Seminary for Girls
  (1824) and the founder of the Western Female
  Institute (1837)
• Calisthenics a course of exercises designed to
  promote health and thus to secure beauty and
  strength
• No special room or apparatus
• For the whole family, but especially for women
  diagrams of how to execute exercises

8
CATHARINE BEECHER

• Principles from Per Henrik Ling's Swedish
  gymnastics
• Her program was probably the first system adapted
  to the needs of Americans
• One of the first to actively struggle to
  establish physical education as a part of the
  school curriculum on a daily basis

9
DIOCLESION LEWIS

• Light gymnastics or exercises with wands, rings,
  bean-bags, dumbbells, and Indian clubs along with
  music teacher directed exercises
• Borrowed ideas from Catharine Beecher and Per
  Henrik Ling
• 1861-1868 Normal Institute for Physical
  Education in Boston first teacher training
  school for physical education in the United States

10
SWEDISH GYMNASTICS

• Hartvig Nissen Norwegian
• In 1883 came to Washington, D.C. and taught
  Swedish gymnastics
• Taught at Harvard Summer School, Sargent Normal
  School, and Posse-Nissen School

11
SWEDISH GYMNASTICS

• Baron Nils Posse
• Graduated from the Royal Gymnastics Central
  Institute in Sweden
• Came to Boston in 1885
• Taught at the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics
  (1889-1890)
• Established the Posse Normal School in 1890

12
BOSTON NORMAL SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS 1889

• Founded by Mary Hemenway
• Directed by Amy Morris Homans
• Nils Posse was the first teacher
• Purpose was to train teachers in Swedish
  gymnastics
• Moved to Wellesley College as the Department of
  Hygiene and Physical Education in 1909

13
BOSTON CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL TRAINING 1889

• Purpose was "to bring to the attention of the
  general public and the leaders in the field the
  Swedish system."
• Speakers also for the German system, the Sargent
  system, and Hitchcock's program

14
EDWARD HITCHCOCK
15
EDWARD HITCHCOCK AMHERST (1861-1911)

• Students attended lectures on health.
• Students were required to attend 30-minute
  classes 4 times per week.
• Each class participated in 20 minutes of light
  gymnastics and marching.
• Students could spend 10 minutes on individual
  apparatus work or sports.
• Anthropometrics find the average, ideal college
  male using age, weight, height, chest girth, arm
  girth, forearm girth, lung capacity, and pull-ups

16
DUDLEY SARGENT
17
DUDLEY SARGENTHARVARD (1879-1919)

• Anthropometrics to find the ideal student, but
  mostly to establish individualized goals and
  programs for each student (not a required
  program)
• Apparatus chest weights chest pulleys chest
  developers leg machines rowing machines
  students used these machines in individualized
  programs
• No Swedish or German gymnastics
• Sports, such as boxing, rowing, and baseball,
  were promoted

18
DUDLEY SARGENT

• Sargent School for Physical Education 1881
  initially taught women at Harvard Annex and later
  became a teacher training school for physical
  education
• Harvard Summer School (1887-1932) advanced
  teacher training program

19
DELPHINE HANNA OBERLIN (1885-1920)

• 1903 Professor of physical education
• Anthropometrics of college women
• Instructed Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jay Nash,
  and Jesse Williams

20
WILLIAM ANDERSON

• Brooklyn (Anderson) Normal School (1886-1953)
• Chautaugua Summer School of Physical Education
  (1886-1930s)

21
ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION 1885

• Founded by William Anderson
• Major issues between 1885-1900
• Anthropometrics
• Battle of the Systems

22
EARLIER NAMES

• 1885 Association for the Advancement of Physical
  Education
• 1886 American Association for the Advancement of
  Physical Education
• 1903 American Physical Education Association
• 1937 American Association for Health and Physical
  Education
• 1938 American Association for Health, Physical
  Education and Recreation
• 1974 American Association for Health, Physical
  Education, Recreation and Dance
• 1979 American Alliance for Health, Physical
  Education, Recreation and Dance

23
YOUNG MENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION AND YOUNG
WOMENS CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION

• YMCA founded in 1844 in England by George
  Williams
• YMCA founded in 1851 in Boston
• YWCA founded in 1866 in Boston by Mrs. Henry
  Durant

24
YMCA AND YWCA

• 1885 YMCA Training School in Springfield to
  train YMCA directors
• Purposes of the YMCA to develop the all-around
  man (intellectual, physical, and spiritual)
• Central School of Hygiene and Physical Education
  was the YWCA training school

25
BATTLE OF THE SYSTEMS

• SYSTEM PURPOSE
• German gymnastics Developed individual abilities
  and healthy, strong youth for war or
  emergencies using apparatus
• Swedish gymnastics Promoted health, correct
  expression, and beauty of performance using
  exact movement patterns
• Hitchcocks system Emphasized health through
  required exercises with light apparatus
• Sargents system Advocated hygienic,
  educative, recreative, and remedial aims
  through individualized exercises on
  apparatus
• Association gymnastics Contributed to the
  development of the all-around man

26
PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION INSTITUTIONS
YEAR FOUNDER NAME PROGRAM

• 1861 Lewis Normal Institute for
  Light gymnastics Physical Education
• 1866 Turners Normal School of North
  German gymnastics American Gymnastic
• Union
• 1881 Sargent Sargent School for
  Theoretical and Physical Education
  practical curriculum
• 1885 YMCA YMCA Training School
  Association gymnastics
• 1886 Anderson Chautauqua Summer
  Advanced theoretical School of
  Physical and practical
  Education curriculum

27
PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION INSTITUTIONS
YEAR FOUNDER NAME PROGRAM

• 1886 Anderson Brooklyn (Anderson)
  Theoretical and Normal School
  practical curriculum
• 1887 Sargent Harvard Summer School
  Advanced of Physical Education
  theoretical and practical
  curriculum
• 1889 Hemenway Boston Normal School
  Swedish gymnastics and Homans of Gymnastics
  
• 1890 Posse Posse Normal School
  Swedish gymnastics

28
PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

• 1896-1903 American Physical Education
  Review
• 1903-1930 APEA Review
• 1930-1938 Journal of Health and Physical
  Education
• 1938-1974 Journal of Health, Physical
  Education and Recreation
• 1975-1981 Journal of Physical Education and
  Recreation
• 1981-present Journal of Physical Education,
  Recreation and Dance
• 1930-1979 Research Quarterly
• 1980-present Research Quarterly for Exercise
  and Sport

29
DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR SPORTS

• 1868 New York Athletic Club founded
• 1888 Amateur Athletic Union started
• 1852 First intercollegiate sport for men
  (Harvard and Yale in rowing)
• 1859 First intercollegiate baseball game
• 1869 First intercollegiate football game
• 1896 First intercollegiate sport for women in
  basketball

30
MEN'S AMATUER ATHLETICS

• Socially elite horse racing, dancing, gambling,
  cards, and yachting
• Baseball (1744 England not 1839 in the United
  States)
• Cycling late 1800s
• Tennis 1874 from England
• Golf Scotland
• Cricket and croquet clubs late 1800s
• 1891 Basketball James Naismith at the YMCA
  Training School
• 1896 Volleyball William Morgan at a YMCA

31
AMATEUR SPORTS1850-1900s

• Athletic clubs (especially the New York Athletic
  Club) provided sports opportunities for members
  (especially track and field)
• 1879 Amateur Athletic Union (1888)"check the
  evils of professionalism and promote amateur
  sport"
• 1912 538 athletic clubs and the AAU had 19,000
  members
• Competition offered (and said to control) 40
  sports later 16 sports especially basketball,
  track and field, and boxing

32
AAU AND NCAA CONFLICTS

• Olympic team selection (1920s to the 1970s)
• National Amateur Athletic Federation 1922
• Sanctioning of events
• Certification of records
• 1978 Amateur Sports Act

33
WOMENS SPORTS

• Colonial period
• Horseback riding dancing fox hunting
• Next 100 years
• Riding walking dancing calisthenics
• Late 1800s
• Croquet cycling hiking (with clothing
  restrictions)
• Tennis 1874
• Gymnastics in bloomers