Strategic Intel page 1

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Terrorism

• Definitions
• Many
• Ambiguous
• Matter of perception
• One mans terrorist is another mans freedom
  fighter.

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Certain aspects are fundamental

• Political act
• Desire for political change
• Terrorism is typically non-state in character
• (Note the separate but related topic of state
  terrorism typically antithetical to the desire
  for political change.)
• States can terrorize, but they are not
  terrorists.
• Terrorists do not abide by norms
• They target innocents
• They seek psychological trauma

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Historical Examples

• Zealots Sicarri 1st century BCE
• Murdered Romans in Broad daylight in Jerusalem.
• Hindu Thugee
• Thugs originally religious sect that strangled
  robbed victims in ritual sacrifice
• Muslim Assassins
• It is a myth that the word assassin comes from
  the Arabic word haschishin for hashish user.
• Assassin comes from Hassassin -- a follower of
  Hassan Hassan was Persian not Arabic.

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More history of terrorism

• French revolution
• Use of revolutionary tribunals to prop up the
  French republic.

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Modern Terrorism

• 4 Waves
• Breakup of empires
• Decolonization
• Leftist ant-Western sentiment
• Religious inspiration

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Decolonization

• Examples
• Algeria
• South Africa
• Vietnam
• Israel

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Ant-Western Wave

• Grew out of Vietnam
• Fostered by Soviets, Iran, Libya N Korea
• Has returned to Bite them
• Afghanistan
• Chechnya

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Religious Wave - Jihad

• Iran
• Afghanistan
• Not new

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Breakup of Empire

• Terrorists seek to provoke state to the point
  where the reaction leads to popular revolt.
• Seldom successful but there are exceptions
• Tsarist Russia

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Domestic terrorism

• Militias
• Oklahoma
• Any separatists?
• Policy terrorists
• Abortion
• Environmental

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War on Terror

• Targets
• Policies
• Financial
• State directed
• International Agreement

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Types

• Left-wing
• Right Wing
• Ethnonationalist/separatists
• Religious

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Left wing terrorist

• Driven by liberal or idealist political concepts
• Prefer revolutionary anti-authoritarian
  anti-materialist agendas
• Typically target elites that symbolize authority

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Right wing terrorists

• Often target race and ethnicity

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Ethnonationalist/separatists

• Usually have clear territorial objectives
• Liberation/separation
• Popular support usually along ethnic/racial
  lines.

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Religious terrorists

• Believe involved in a struggle of good vs evil
• Acting along desires of a diety audience thus
  not necessarily human.
• Feel unconstrained by law higher calling
• Complete alienation from existing socio/political
  order
• Support may be diffuse

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Basic trends in terrorism

• Fewer attacks
• More violent attacks (increasing lethality)

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Media Impacts

• Media exposure to violence influences
• Opinion
• Attitude
• Emotional State!
• Women react to anxiety more than men
• (Men behave instrumentally)

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Terrorism and WMD

• Biological Agents
• Chemical Agents
• Nuclear Materials/Weapons
• Cyberterrorism

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Biological Weapons - History

• Poisoning of wells since pre-history
• Use of dead to poison water during Greeks
  Romans
• Poisoned arrows/spears/pungi sticks
• Catapulting of plague victims in 1300s by Mongols
• US Army gave blankets of smallpox victims to
  Native Americans
• US tested anthrax in 1941 on island declares
  uninhabitable in 1988
• Japanese tested bioweapons on Chinese prisoners,
  possessed anthrax weapons

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Biological Weapons

• Biotoxins
• Botulism
• clostridium botulinum
• Used to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich in
  Czechoslovakia in WWII
• Clostridium agents
• Tetanus
• Ricin
• From castor bean
• used to assassinate Georgi Markov (Hungarian
  defectors)
• Found in possession of group in London

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Chemical Weapons - History

• WWI Phosgene, Chlorine, Mustard
• Vietnam Agent Orange
• Iraq-Iran
• Aum Shinrikyo in Tokyo subway 1995

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Chemical Weapons

• Nerve Agents
• Sarin (Aum Shinrikyo)
• VX (Iraq)
• Cyanide (Jonestown)
• Vesicants (Blister Agents)
• Mustard Gas (WWI)
• Lewisite (Japan ??)

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Chemical Weapons (cont)

• Pulmonary Agents
• Phosgene (WWI)
• Chlorine (WWI)
• Riot Control Agents
• CS
• CN Mace
• Pepper Spray

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The Internet as a Vehicle for Political Conflict

• Dorothy Denning breaks down political conflict on
  the Internet as divided into
• Activism
• Hactivism
• Cyberterrorism
• To which we can add
• Cybernetic Warfare

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Activism

• There are several ways that the Internet
  facilitates political activism
• Data Collection
• Censorship difficult
• Publication
• Exceptionally cost effective
• Opportunity for Dialogue
• Coordination and Communication
• Lobbying

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Hactivism

• Hactivism catches the spirit of non-violent
  protest and Civil disobedience.
• In general, activism that crosses the boundary to
  uninvited intrusion or unwarranted interference
• The virtual sit-in or Blockade
• Denial of service attacks
• Mafia Boy
• Code Red
• E-mail bombs
• Web site defacement

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Computer Hacking

• There are several levels of Computer Network
  crime that have become commonplace
• Hacking
• Uninvited intrusion of another compute
• Often seen as benign
• Cracking
• Intentionally circumventing security measures
  with the express purpose of obtaining or
  disseminating information, services, software for
  the material gain of self or others. (i.e.
  providing or using software cracks to circumvent
  license protection)

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Cybernetic Crime

• Defacement
• Altering web site material for personal or
  political purposes
• Cyber-crime
• Theft or misappropriation of information for
  material gain (i.e. theft of credit card info)

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Cybernetic Warfare

• The New Global Threat Paradigm
• Information warfare
• actions taken to degrade or manipulate an
  adversary's information systems while defending
  one's own.
• Cybernetic warfare,
• a form of information warfare involving
  operations to disrupt, deny, corrupt, or destroy
  information resident in computers and computer
  networks.

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Cybernetic Warfare

• Transnational Infrastructure warfare,
• attacking a nation's key industries and
  utilities telecommunications, energy and power,
  transportation, governmental operations and
  services, emergency services, financial,
  manufacturing, etc.
• Asymmetric warfare,
• attacking an adversary's weaknesses, avoiding his
  strengths, while preventing him from doing the
  same to you, using asymmetric means such as
  terrorism.

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Cybernetic Warfare

• Asynchronous warfare,
• a pre-selected or delayed attack on an adversary
  taking advantage of the passage of time to
  develop a strategic opportunity or exploit a
  future vulnerability. Future Warfare Trends
  "Any sufficiently advanced technology is
  virtually indistinguishable from magic." Arthur
  Clarke, The Impact of Technology -- Technowar

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Cybernetic Warfare

• The rapid pace of military technology in the
  areas of will continue. In particular
• precision weapons,
• Information,
• Communications
• Major technological breakthroughs in military
  capability are likely in the next two decades.

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Stegnography

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