Protestant Reformation

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Protestant Reformation
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Origins of the Reformation

• Began in Germany because it lacked a strong
  central government
• Germany formed core of Holy Roman Empire, but
  empire included over 300 semi-independent states
• Some wanted independence from the Holy Roman
  Empire
• Weak emperor could not control independent ideas
  about religion within the German states

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Martin Luther

• German monk, started Reformation
• Came to believe in Justification By Faith a
  person could be made just, or good, simply by
  faith in God's mercy and love
• How did it start?

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Selling Indulgences

• Pope Leo X sold church positions and indulgences
  to raise money for the church
• Indulgences - certificates issued by the Church
  that were said to reduce or even cancel
  punishment for a person's sin

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• People purchased indulgences, believing it
  insured them a spot in heaven
• John Tetzel, Church's agent for selling
  indulgences in N.Germany, promised peasants that
  indulgences would relieve them of guilt for
  future sins.

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• Could also buy indulgences for salvation of their
  dead relatives - "Once you hear the money's ring,
  the soul from purgatory is free to spring."
• Purgatory - place in the afterlife where people
  are made fit for heaven

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Luthers Protest

• October 31, 1517 nailed on door of Wittenberg
  Church the 95 Theses
• Criticized sale of indulgences
• Printed copies of Theses spread

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Two Main Teachings of Luther

• justification by faith
• only Gods grace through Christ saves no amount
  of good works could do it...
• priesthood of all believers
• all Christians are equal before God
• these ideas challenged basic church doctrinethat
  is, they were heresy
• Why?

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Backlash!

• 1521 Pope Excommunicated Luther
• Diet of Worms (Germany) - tried to get Luther to
  take back (recant) criticisms
• Luther refused condemned as a heretic
• Went into hiding translated Bible into German

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Lutheranism vs. Catholicism

• Stressed faith and good works in salvation
• Church authority teachings important spiritual
  guide
• Church clerical hierarchy

• Emphasized salvation by faith alone
• Bible only source of religious truth
  
• Church community of believers

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Lutheranism vs. Catholicism

• All occupations were vocations in which people
  could serve God
• Ministers - only administer baptism communion

• Priesthood only calling in which people could
  serve God
• Priests - administer 7 sacraments

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The Spread of Protestantism
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Huldrych Zwingli

• Swiss priest wanted to break completely with
  Catholic tradition
• 1525 established a THEOCRACY(church-run state)
  in Zurich
• 1531 died in battle between Catholics
  Protestants

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John Calvin

• argued that God
  determines fate of every
  person before born- PREDESTINATION
• Those predestined (chosen beforehand) were called
  the elect
• Calvin turned Geneva into model religious
  community (theocracy)

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Consistory (Church council) required citizens to
attend services inspected homes - Geneva earned
title "City of God."
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John Knox

• Leader of the Reformation in Scotland
• Founds Presbyterianism based on Calvins
  teachings
• Presbytery - group of
  elected decision makers
  of the church
• Priesthood of all believers
  --equality

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Anabaptists

• Only baptized adult members
• Denied authority of local governments to direct
  their lives - said Christ was their only
  authority (separation of church and state)
• 1534 - radical Anabaptists seized power in German
  city of Munster (burned books, took property)
  Lutherans Catholics united to crush them

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Sketch of the 1535 execution of leaders of the
sect in Münster, and photo of the church where
their corpses were displayed. The cages still
remain.
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Henry VIII

• Henry wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of
  Aragon for not producing a male heir to the
  throne
• Catholic Church forbade divorce - refused to
  dissolve Henrys marriage

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• Henry got mad, withdrew England from Catholic
  Church and created a new church
• Act of Supremacy - Parliament created Church of
  England (Anglican Church) with king as its head
• important Englishmen were required to swear oath
  accepting king as its head...

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• Sir Thomas More -
• King Henrys former chancellor who refused to
  take the oath.
• As humanist believed in religious tolerance - but
  was loyal to the Catholic
  Church
• Beheaded for treason
• (author of Utopia!)

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Changes in the Church

• Henry was NOT a protestant
• The English church was separated from the Roman
  Catholic Church
• Few other changes were made in the church

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Henrys wives Children

• Catherine of Aragon Mary
• Anne Boleyn Elizabeth
• Jane Seymour Edward
• Anne of Cleves
• Catherine Howard
• Catherine Parr
• Son Edward inherited throne 1st

Div Beh Died Div Beh Surv
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Edward VI under a regent

• The boy king, Edward, was under a regent because
  of his minority
• The 1st regent his uncle introduced
  Protestant reforms into the church
• English liturgy Anglican Prayer Book
• Salvation by faith
• Images, ornamentation much ritual removed
• When sickly Edward died at 16 some protestant
  nobles attempted to keep his sister Mary from
  inheriting the throne because she was Catholic

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Lady Jane Grey

• Edwards 15 year old cousin Lady Jane was claimed
  Queen by some dominant nobles
• Duke of Northumberland had arranged a marriage
  between her and his son, Guilford Dudley
• But quickly people rallied to the support of the
  rightful heir, Mary Tudor
• Troops abandoned Jane for Mary
• Guilford Jane were executed for treason
• She had been queen 9 days

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Mary I

• Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon
• Married to Catholic Philip II of Spain
• Sought to revive Catholicism
• Protestants revolted
• Persecution of Protestants led to her being known
  as
• Bloody Mary

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Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
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