FEEDING ANIMALS

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FEEDING ANIMALS

• AGRISCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY

Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office
July, 2002
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REASONS WHY ANIMALS NEED FEED

• MAINTENANCE
• GROWTH
• REPRODUCTION
• LACTATION
• WORKING
• OTHER PRODUCTS AND USES

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WAYS ANIMALS USE NUTRIENTS TO MAINTAIN THEMSELVES

• Used to keep the body warm
• Replace old cells
• Run the internal organs
• For body movement

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SIX TYPES OF MATERIALS THAT PROVIDE NUTRIENTS

• CARBOHYDRATES Major sources are corn, oats, hay,
  soybean oil meal and grain sorghum.
• FATS Meat scraps, tankage, cottonseed and fish
  meal are examples.
• PROTEIN Tankage, soybean meal, legume hay, blood
  meal, feather meal, fish meal and skim milk.

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TYPES OF MATERIALS (CONT.)

• MINERALS Eighteen minerals are needed by
  animalssix are macrominerals. Includes calcium,
  salt, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and
  sulfur.
• VITAMINS Vitamins A,D, and the B vitamins are
  most important in animals.
• WATER Most important of all nutrients. A market
  hog is 40 water newborn calf is 70 water.

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TWO GENERAL CLASSES OF FEEDSTUFFS

• ROUGHAGES Feedstuffs that are high in fiber and
  low in energy.
• Examples include hay, green pasture grasses and
  legumes and silage.
• CONCENTRATES Feed that are low in fiber and high
  in energy.
• Examples are corn, oats, wheat, meat scraps,
  blood meal, soybean meal and urea.

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DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENT

• A digestible nutrient is the part of a feedstuff
  that can be digested, or broken down.
• Fiber in roughage is not easily digested.
• Ruminants and horses are efficient users of
  roughage.

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TERMS

• RATION The total amount of feed an animal gets
  in a 24 hour period.
• BALANCED RATION A ration that provides all of
  the nutrients needed by the animal in the right
  amount and proportion.
• DIET Type and amount of feed and water an animal
  eats.

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THREE TYPES OF ROUGHAGE FOR ANIMALS

• PASTURE- Land where grasses and other plants grow
  for animals to graze.
• HAY- Made of the leaves and stems of plants that
  have been cut and dried for feed.
• SILAGE- Made from cut green plants by chopping
  them into small pieces and placing the chop in
  a silo.

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EXAMPLES OF GRAIN CONCENTRATES

• Grains are high in TDN but do not provide a
  balanced ration.
• Examples include corn, oats, wheat and grain
  sorghum.
• Corn is the most widely used grain.

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SOURCES OF PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS

• Protein supplements are high in TDN and high in
  protein.
• Three types
• Animal - meat scraps and tankage, blood meal,
  fish meal, and skim milk.
• Plant- soybean oil meal, cotton seed meal and
  various grain by-products.
• Synthetic- Urea, molasses, rice hulls, and citrus
  pulp treated with ammonia.

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FEED ADDITIVES

• Placed in feed while it is being manufactured to
  preserve it and enhance growth of the animals.
• Medications
• Wormers
• Marketing enhancement
• Antioxidants

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IMPLANTS AND INJECTIONS

• Implants involve placing solid materials under
  the skin.
• Injections involve using hypodermic needles and
  syringes to get a substance into the body system
  of an animal.
• Examples are BST to increase milk production in
  dairy cows and fish may be injected to encourage
  spawning.

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FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING FEED FOR ANIMALS

• NUTRIENT CONTENT
• PALATABILITY
• FREE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
• VARIETY
• BULKINESS
• COST
• FEED STORAGE

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THREE FORMS IN WHICH ROUGHAGE IS FED

• BALES
• LOOSE CHOP
• PELLETS AND WAFERS

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WAYS CONCENTRATES ARE MADE INTO FORMS OF FEED

• CRACKING AND ROLLING
• GRINDING
• EXTRUDING

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WAYS SUPPLEMENTS ARE PREPARED

• BLOCKS- Salt or mineral block
• LIQUIDS- Molasses
• MIXES- Salt, protein sources and other materials