MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN SHEEP

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MASTITIS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT IN
SHEEP

• Leo Timms
• Iowa State University
• Dairy Science Extension

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HOWDY, IM LEO
Im a dairy guy!
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SHEEP MASTITIS

• Basic mastitis facts
• Mastitis detection
• Mastitis control
• Prevention
• Treatment

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• Occurs in every flock
• 20-25 million annually (US)
• Decreased lamb performance
• Lamb/ewe mortality and morbidity
• Ewe replacement costs
• Labor costs
• Feed costs (orphans)
• Veterinary costs

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• Milk production decreases
• - 12 when 1 udder half infected
• - 58 when both udder halves infected
• 16.7 lbs. less weaning weight

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• Average daily gain - ISU Trials
• - 1988 and 1990 slightly lower ADG
• - 1989 11 decrease ADG
• infected at lambing- 19 wean- 7
• both- 24
• Significant difference in
• creep feed intake

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MASTITIS

• Inflammation of the mammary gland where
  inflammation is reaction to tissue injury
• Redness
• Swelling
• Heat
• Pain
• Loss of function
• 99 of inflammation results from infection

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TYPES OF MASTITIS

• Clinical visual abnormalities(milk/udder/lamb)
• - fever - loss of appetite - depression -
  death
• Chronic - long duration - variable signs
• - contagious? - fibrosis (nodules) udder
  palpation
• Subclinical No visible signs Special tests
  
• Loss of function
• Mastitis types are correlated
• to organisms!!!

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KNOW YOUR ENEMY (germ warfare)
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Pasturella hemolytica

• Blue bag
• Common respiratory tract inhabitant
• Range flocks
• Minimal under intensive management operations?
• Ubiquitous! Opportunistic! Stressors!
• Lambing time is critical!!

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Staphylococcus aureus

• Gangrenous mastitis
• Chronic
• Contagious?
• Associated with wounds
• Invasive
• Scarring
• milking time spreader

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Strep. species / E. coli (coliforms)

• Environmentals
• Opportunists ( streps get in every day)
• High exposure / high stress
• Many around lambing
• Streps Mild but clinical
• E. coli Severe clinical due to toxemia
• Coliforms need H2O to grow / get in!

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Coagulase negative Staph.

• Skin inhabitants
• Subclinical mastitis
• Minor inflammation
• Milk loss???
• Primary organism isolated in sheep (gt95)
• Something has to get in!!

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Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth)

• Virus occurs in every flock, secondary mastitis
  infections due to teat trauma
• Remains viable for long periods
• Nursing lambs - mouth lesions
• Transfer to ewes teats
• Provide protection for ewe/other animals

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Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth)

• VACCINATION
• Vaccinate ewes pre-breeding
• Vaccinate replacement lambs
• and expose to ewes (ewe challenge)
• Vaccinate rams
• BE CAREFUL WHEN VACCINATING
• (transmissible to humans)

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LAMBING
WEANING
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HOW MUCH MASTITIS IS IN MY FLOCK?
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ISU TRIALS

• 3 flocks, 4 lambing periods
• 29 ewes, 16 halves infected at lambing
• 21 ewes, 11 halves infected at weaning
• 40 of lambing infections persist
• to weaning

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ISU TRIALS

• McNay research - 3 years
• 13-25 ewes,
• 9-17 halves infected lambing
• 15-22 ewes,
• 8-14 halves infected weaning
• 32 of lambing infections
• persist to weaning

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MASTITIS DIAGNOSTICS
How do I look for (find mastitis)?

• Clinical
• -milk - udder - systemic
• Udder Palpation
• Subclinical
• Cultures Know your organisms
• SCC CMT / Electronic

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UDDER PALPATION
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California mastitis test (CMT)
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3 grape jelly
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0 no gel
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SOMATIC CELL COUNTS (SCC) (electronic) A to Z
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WHAT IS A PROBLEM HIGH SCC?

• Early / mid lactation gt 300-500,000
• Late lactation gt400 - 1 million
• compare between halves

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MONITORING IS A MUST!!!!
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OBJECTIVES

• Minimize number of infected halves
• at lambing / other times!!!

1. Prevent new infections 2. Eliminate existing
infections
uccess maximum quantity of
low SCC milk
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EFFECTIVE UDDER HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Understanding mammary infection dynamics

• Incidence of infections during this period
• Organisms involved
• Risk factors affecting susceptibility

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Minimize exposure / maximize immunity
Adequate space 12-16 sq. ft. - ewes/lambs
-open front shed 25-40 sq. ft. - lots
CLEAN DRY COMFORTABLE
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SOREMOUTH
Aggressive nursing
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SUSCEPTIBILITY WEANING

• Weaning high susceptibility
• Decrease production!!!!!!
• Eliminate grain 7 days pre-weaning
• Feed poor quality forages
• Change environments
• Limit water 12-24hrs pre-wean???
• Reduce by FEED, not intermittent milking
• - aggressive lambs - labor - abnormal volume

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MAXIMIZING IMMUNITY
NUTRITION THE KEY PLAYER

• Vit E / Se

• Copper

• Zinc

• Vit A/ carotene

• Vit D

• Chromium

• CHO

• PROTEIN

• FIBER

Maximize dry matter intake late gestation
/ lambing/ post lambing
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CREEP FEEDING

• CRUCIAL!!! ADG coming more from feed and less
  reliant on milk!
• This still has a COT associated!!
• Creep feeding IS NO SUBSTITUTE for mastitis
  management!!

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Eliminating Existing Infections

• Spontaneous cure 50-60
• CULLING
• Treatment / therapy
• - lactation therapy
• - dry treatment (at weaning)
• - pre lambing / lambing therapies

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Lactation Therapy

• Early diagnosis and detection!!!
• TLC
• Keep ewes on good feed and water
• Use supportive therapy
• Keep ewe nursing or milked out
• Work with your veterinarian on appropriate
  treatments and protocols

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Dry Treatment (at weaning)

• Cure existing infections
• Prevent IMI post weaning
• Flocks with mastitis problems
• Individual problem ewes
• Purebred ewes with high value
• Commercial dry cow tubes / injectables?

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TREATMENT PRE-LAMBING

• Dont open teat unless necessary
• Work with your veterinarian
• Organisms involved
• Appropriate therapies
• Prophylactic therapy
• Poor response in controlled field trials
• Residue risks must be addressed!

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TREATMENT AT LAMBING???
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Thanks for your attention!
THE END
Any questions?