MachLorentz Thruster MLT Applications

1
Mach-Lorentz Thruster (MLT) Applications
MLT
MLT
Heavy m2
Light m1
FORCE Rectifications as Symmetry Breaks
Net F (m1 a) (m2 a)
G/I
Paul March STAIF-2007
2
Rockets Their Costs Transit Times

• Costs 100/lb-m to greater than 200k/lb-m
• Transit Times Lunar Apollo/Orion 3 days
• Mars transits 6-to-8 months
• Jupiter Beyond Years to Millennia
• Problems with these rocket solutions?
• Low launch safety, humans poor zero-g ionizing
  radiation exposure tolerances, our short
  lifetimes, and the huge costs using chemical or
  even nuclear rockets.

3
Rocket Payload Costs vs Flight Rate to LEO
NASAs Project Constellation Lunar Flights at
2-flights per year 155k/lb-m
Space Shuttle (10k-to-20k/lb-m)
5k
Current Satellite Launch Costs
(1,000/lb-m)
100/lb-m Large Scale Commercial Viability
25
Minimum Fuel Cost / lb-m
3k
From Paul Czysz (2004 Prices)
4
NASAs Summary of the Earth-to-LEO Problem.
5
How long would a Nuclear powered Human Crewed
Spacecraft take to go to Mars at 0.2g?

• The Movies 2001 and 2010 provided two
  candidates that might meet this requirement with
  a constant acceleration of just above a Lunar-g
  (1.6m/s2).

The Discovery
The Leonov
6
Mars-2
30-Days Max at 0.2-g
970 Million Miles (1,562x106 km)
15-Days Max at 0.2-g
Mars-1
45 Days at 0.2-g Isp 540k sec
284 Million Miles (456x106 km)
Assume Propellant Mass Fraction 0.5 Constant
/- 0.2-g acceleration
Jupiter
Isp ((Delta-V)/ ln (mo/m1)) / 9.81m/s
(7.76x105 / (ln (2/1)) / 9.81 114,122 seconds
to Mars-2 (For 1.0g, Isp 570,607 seconds to
Mars)
!!
7
Solar System Based Nuclear Rockets
Fission Nuclear Thermal Rocket
Project Orion Nuclear Bomb Rocket
Electric Ion Rockets
NERVA
Isp3,000 sec
Isp900 sec
Isp10k sec
Fusion/Electric Rocket
Anti-Matter Rocket Isp1,000,000 sec
Isp20,000 sec
Cost of Anti-Matter??
To Mars
VASIMR Isp10k-to-30k sec
?
8
Our Solar Systems Neighborhood
This spheres Radius is 20 Light Years or 117.6
Trillion miles (1 light year 5.879x1012 miles)
20 Light Years
Proxima Centauri is 4.3 light years away. To
get there in 6-years Earth time with a PMF 0.5
would require an Isp of 66.2x106 seconds, but
there is an issue. The best Photon Beam Rocket
can only provide an Isp of 30.58x106
sec. Houston, we have a problem!
9
The Better Rocket 1-g Space Drive

• We need a way to convert electricity into thrust
  without dumping reaction mass overboard, but
  reactionless space drives dont exist in our
  universe due to Newtons 3rd Law.
• However, one might find a way to recycle a local
  supply of propellant to make a 1-g space drive,
  just like an electric motor recycles its stator
  on every new revolution of its rotor.
• So what could a 100 duty-cycle, 1.0-g
  (9.81m/sec2) Space-Drive buy us?

10
One-Way Trips Times at 1.0-g (9.81m/sec2)
Acceleration from Earth to Inner Solar System
Earth-to-Moon 4.0 hours Earth-to-Mars 2-to-5
days Earth-to-Asteroids 3-to-6
days Earth-to-Jupiter 6-to-7 days Earth-to-Saturn
8-to-9 days
Asteroid Belt
11
Building a 1.0-g Space Drive

• Newtons three Laws of motion and their spin-off
  rocket equation had MOST of it right, EXCEPT that
  Newton glossed over the Origin of Inertia.
• Newton said that every time you push on a mass,
  it pushes back, NOW, with an equal and opposite
  reaction force, i.e., his 3rd Law, which is quite
  true.
• But WHY does Galileos inertia law apply in our
  universe? And if we knew the answer, could we
  side-step the current
  tyranny of the rocket equation?

12
Possible Explanations for Inertia

• Could it be an INTRINSIC PROPERTY of MASS?
  (Galileo Newton)
• Could it be an ACTION of the LOCAL SURROUNDINGS -
  (THE QUANTUM VACUUM)? (Puthoff, Haisch, etc.)
• Could it be the GRAVITATIONAL ACTION of the rest
  of the MASS in the UNIVERSE via gravitational
  field interactions?
• (Einstein Mach)

13
Albert Einsteins Takeon the Origin of Inertia
1948
(March 14, 1879 April 18, 1955)
"...inertia originates in a kind of interaction
between bodies... (Albert Einstein, in a
letter to Ernst Mach)

• Einstein published his 1915 General Relativity
  Theory (GRT) that demonstrated the relationship
  between space, time, energy, and gravity.
• For universes like ours, GRT also indicates that
  Machs principle (Einsteins words) is the best
  explanation for the origin of inertia... (J. F.
  Woodard)

14
Ernst Mach (February 18, 1838 February
19, 1916)
The Science of Mechanics (1893) - Mach, E.
Mach was an Austrian-Czech physicist and
philosopher, and is the namesake for Mach
number Machs principle, which states that
the inertia of any system is the result of the
gravitational interactions of that system with
the rest of the mass in the universe."
15
Other Physicists Thoughts on Inertia

• Dennis Sciama, (Student of Paul Dirac Stephen
  Hawkings Graduate Advisor), in 1953 showed that
  inertial reaction forces on all accelerating
  objects can be viewed as an inertial-induction
  effect generated by the gravity based inertial
  radiation field created by the distant cosmic
  matters (1080 atoms) mass-energy.
• Derek Raine, (University of Leicester - UK), in
  1975 showed that Sciamas inertial-induction idea
  is correct in Einsteins GRT for
  Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmologies,
  i.e., in a universe like our own.

16
Machs Sciamas View of Inertia
The Cosmic Gravitational/Inertial (G/I)
mass-energy provided by the Universes 1080
atoms and Dark Energy forms the G/I Radiation
Field.
The Causally Connected Spacetime Universe r
14x109 L.Y.
1
2
Mach, Einstein Sciama viewed inertia as G/I
interactions between the local accelerated mass
and this primordial G/I Radiation Field.
3
G/I Radiation Field
r
These G/I interactions takes the form
of spherical momentum energy Spacetime
Distortion Waves that propagate both forwards AND
backwards in time at light speed.
4
Acceler Mass
The summation of all these 1080 G/I momenergy
waves becomes the local atoms measured
inertial mass.
G/I Field falls off at 1/r
5
17
James F. Woodwards 1990s Mach-Effect (M-E)
Conjecture

• Mach's principle and local Lorentz-invariance
  together yield the prediction of transient mass
  fluctuations in accelerated masses that
  concurrently change their internal energy
  states.
• The resulting mass fluctuations, in both
  principle and practice, can be quite large and,
  in principle at least, negative.
• The M-E derivation is relativistically
  invariant, so the conservation laws are
  automatically satisfied
• No New Physics is involved.

- J. F. Woodward
18
Woodwards Mach-Effect Equation

• Consider a mass that is accelerated. It
  experiences an inertial reaction force. This
  force is the gravitational force due to the
  distant matter in the cosmos and can be expressed
  as a classical wave equation, the dAlembertian
  of the gravinertial potential of the field, set
  equal to its gravitational sources.
• When the time derivates in this M-E equation go
  to zero, what is left is Newtons law of gravity
  in differential form.

dAlembertian of f 4-D Wave Operator
Newtonian Source Term
Transient /- Impulse Term
Transient Negative Wormhole Term
19
Woodwards Mach-Effect Equation-2

• If the accelerated mass doesnt concurrently
  change its internal energy state, then the
  larger transient G/I source terms in the M-E
  equation go to zero. This implies that to
  generate detectable mass fluctuations,
  accelerated masses should use an energy storing
  media like high dielectric constant ceramic
  capacitors.
• If the amplitude of the mass proper energy
  density variation AND its first and second time
  derivatives are large enough, then a detectable
  mass fluctuation should ensue.

FLUX CAPACITORS AND THE ORIGIN OF INERTIA,
Woodward, Foundations of Physics (2004)
20
Is this Stuff for Real?Experimental
Verifications

• Experimental data from a number of sources now
  indicate that some type of mass fluctuation
  phenomenon exists in High-K ceramic capacitors.
• Woodward demonstrated in 2002 that something like
  his negative wormhole terms mass fluctuation
  exists, for his piezoelectric stack based device
  lost 1.2 of its apparent weight when excited by
  400 watts of 66.6 kHz ac power while in a vacuum.
  
• See

Machs Principle Workshop The Technical End of
Machs Principle Woodward Feb-2002 Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India (Pub.
Apeiron/Montreal)
21
Woodwards Negative Wormhole Term Mass-Reduction
Load-Cell Data in Vacuum
Feb-2002 IIT Machs Principle Workshop The
Technical End of Machs Principle -Woodward
125g
Weight Signal
Thrust
Upright minus Inverted
40 gram PZT Stack
Weight
PZT Temp.
66.6 kHz Power
Mass Delta 1.2
Time in Sec
Demonstration of Prompt Weight Reduction
Indian Institute of Tech.
22
Converting Mass Fluctuations into Useable
Unidirectional Forces

• How do we convert these transient mass
  fluctuations generated in High-K ceramic
  capacitor into a useable unidirectional force?
• Answer Cyclically apply an external force to the
  caps dielectric that is appropriately timed and
  in synch with the transient mass fluctuations.
• These externally applied cyclic forces can be
  either acoustical / mechanical, or magnetic in
  nature.

23
Dynamic Force Rectification (DFR) of Mass
Fluctuations
The throw
The Hit!
(Mechanical DFR)
(Reaction Force-2)
(Reaction Force-1)
Gulp!
Whee!
Low Mass State
High Mass State
Throw Lite, Hit Heavy, Catch Lite
Momenergy Flux
NET Force!
to/from G/I Radiation Field
Author Ryan W. March
24
Magnetic DFR The Lorentz Force(The Other Half
of Mach-Lorentz Thrusters)
B
Lorentz Force on Positive Electric Charge
associated with Flemings Right Hand Rule Where
q is the electric charge, v is charges velocity
along the E-field Gradient (pointer finger), B
is magnetic field (middle finger), and F is the
resulting vxB force (thumb).
25
Radial Ion Velocity x Toroidal Magnetic Field
Yields Mach-Lorentz qE(vxB) Force
Rectification
AC B-field
Mach-Lorentz Thrusters
AC E-field
Force Vector (In/Out of page)
BaTiO3 Cylinder
Radial AC E-field
E-field
1X Freq E-field Voltage Generator Reference
Toroidal AC B-field
F
B-field Coil Toroidal Windings
B-field
1X Frequency B-field Generator Phase Control
Fout /-F sin q
Lorentz/Fleming Right Hand Rule
-Force
26
Mathematica M-E Steady-State Graphical Solution
270o
0o
90o
360o
UCC Race-Track
90o
90o
Ion Velocity (n)
(-n x B)
(-n x B)
(n x -B)
Ion Mass Delta-max
E-field
1.0
B-field
Fr
Fr
Fr
180o
0.0
Rest Mass
Ion Mass Delta-min
-B-field
UCC-1A
- Ion Velocity (-n)
UCC-1 Restoring Force Maximum at zero ion velocity
Jerk (da/dt)
Acceleration
1.0 RF-Cycle (360o)
Notes 1. Absolute Mass Delta max 2.0 2. Max
Acceleration at 90o 270o 3. Resulting vxB force
Fr out of page
27
Ceramic Dielectric Parts
Oxygen Depletion Zone
Silver Electrodes
E-field
B-field
vxB Force
28
MLT vxB Modulation (1-wB - Max Out (-Z))
UCC Restoring Forces (- Push) in -Y-Axis
Fnet (mmaxa)-(mmina) n x B Force /
Z-Axis
Ti Ion Displacement
Ti Ions Min. Mass
Y-Axis
UCC R.F. / Y-Axis
Pull
Pull
Pull
-Pull
Pull
-Pull
B-field / X-Axis
B-field Push North
B-Field 90o Phase relative to E-field
E-field / Y-Axis
UCC R.F.
Ti Ion Velocity n Vector / Y-Axis
-Z-Axis
Max Velocity Line at Center of UCC
Time X-Axis
Z-Axis
Y
E-Field
B-field -Push South
-Z
Z
90o
-Pull
-Pull
Max Energy Storage
-Y
F mmina
Ti Ions Max. Mass
Time-1
View Looking at Vectors Down X-Axis at T1
F mmaxa
UCC-R.F. (Push) Y-Axis
29
MLT vxB Modulation (1-wB - NO Output)
UCC Restoring Forces (- Push) in -Y-Axis
Fnet (mmaxa)-(mmina) n x B Force /
Z-Axis
Ti Ion Displacement
Ti Ions Min. Mass
Y-Axis
UCC R.F. / Y-Axis
B-field Push North
B-field / X-Axis
B-Field 0o Phase relative to E-field
E-field / Y-Axis
UCC R.F.
Ti Ion Velocity n Vector / Y-Axis
-Z-Axis
Max Velocity Line at Center of UCC
Time X-Axis
Z-Axis
Y
E-Field
B-field -Push South
Z
-Z
Max Energy Storage
-Y
F mmina
View Looking at Vectors Down X-Axis at T-1
Ti Ions Max. Mass
Time-1
F mmaxa
UCC-R.F. (Push) Y-Axis
30
MLT vxB Modulation (1-wB - Max Out (Z))
UCC Restoring Forces (- Push) in -Y-Axis
Fnet (mmaxa)-(mmina) n x B Force /
Z-Axis
Ti Ion Displacement
Ti Ions Min. Mass
Y-Axis
UCC R.F. / Y-Axis
Pull
Pull
Pull
-Pull
Pull
-Pull
B-field / X-Axis
B-field Push North
B-Field -90o Phase relative to E-field
E-field / Y-Axis
Ti Ion Velocity n Vector / Y-Axis
UCC R.F.
-Z-Axis
Max Velocity Line at Center of UCC
Time X-Axis
Y
Z-Axis
E-Field
B-field -Push South
-90o
-Z
Z
-Pull
-Pull
Max Energy Storage
-Y
F mmina
Time 1
Ti Ions Max. Mass
View Looking at Vectors Down X-Axis at T1
UCC-R.F. (Push) Y-Axis
F mmaxa
31
MLT Output Force Scaling Rules

• Proportional to the applied vxB Magnetic-field
• The CUBE of the applied Cap Voltage
• The CUBE of the MLT Operating Frequency
• The SQUARE of the Cap dielectric constant
• The thickness of the Cap Dielectric
• Proportional to the total active Dielectric Mass
• But Inversely Proportional to the Cap Density

SEE March Palfreyman (STAIF-2006) The
Woodward Effect Math Modeling and Continued
Experimental Verifications at 2-to-4 MHz - AIP
32
MLT Energy Conservation Issues

• The MLT LOCAL input energy required to generate a
  specific thrust could be much less than a
  rockets equivalent jet-power of equal power or
  thrust.
• Every non-local Joule produced by the MLT has to
  come from spacetime momenergy wave exchanges with
  the universes gravinertial (G/I) radiation
  field.
• The source of this G/I radiation field is the
  mass-energy contained in the causally connected
  universes estimated 1080 atoms and perhaps the
  Dark Energy.

33
Mach-Effect/Slepian/MLT Drive Published
Experiments to Date

• James F. Woodward 1988-to-2007 with max thrust
  up to 750 micro-Newton (mN) measured, with 25 mN
  verified at 53kHz with Faraday Shielded MLT in
  Vacuum end of 2006
• Hector Brito 1993-to-2005 with max
  Self-Contained Slepian Thrust measured up to 50
  mN at 39kHz
• Tom Mahood 1997-to-2007 with max acoustically
  rectified thrust developed 0.03-to-15.0 mN at
  up to 50kHz / 100kHz, measured with the U-80
  torque pendulum force sensors
• Paul March 2002-to-2007 with max MLT thrust
  developed up to 1k-to-5k mN in two different
  experiments at 2-to-4MHz
• Nembo Buldrini 2005-to-2006 with max MLT C-O
  thrust measured 20mN at 53kHz, but claimed
  unexpected results

34
Woodward Mahoods Family of Mach Drives
1998
1999
1996
Mahood
Woodward
Woodward/Mahood
2003 On
MLT
2002
2000
2001 2
Woodward
Woodward
Woodward
35
1998 Mechanical DFR
PZT Stacks
Thomas Mahood - STAIF-1999
36
1999 CSUF Torque Pendulum Work
Tom Mahood, (at Left) was Woodwards Graduate
Student from 1997-to-1999. Small forces,
(0.03-to-1.0uN), in Toms above torque pendulum
were detected while operating in a vacuum, where
none should have existed. These results were
reported in Mahoods 1999 Master Thesis at CSUF.
37
Hector Britos vxB Slepian DriveSTAIF-2005
13mN Predicted 50uN Measured
3
2
1
vxB Force
39kHz
(10nF) Qty-3
270V-p
900-Turns 0.51 milli-H 3.3W dc
42 Gauss
(OR M-E vxB)
what I actually measure is horizontal thrust and
last results (still preliminary) are about 50 µN

09-18-2005 (Argentina)
38
MLT-2004 vxB Test Article 4 OD
1,000 pF _at_10kV, Y5R Caps 10-MW, 1/2W C.F.
Resistors
18 AWG Formaleze Magnet Wire 180C, 74 turns per
side, first layer
Fiberglass Tape 1st layer
T200-1 Core Segments
2
1
3
4-Cap Series leads
18 AWG 660/46 Litz Wire with Polyester / Nylon
Insul. 64 turns per side, 2nd layer
Fiber-Glass Tape, 2nd Layer

-
Paul Marchs first MLT
57 mH
Both Mag Layers wired as shown then in parallel
4
5
39
MLT-2004 vxB Force Output Sense
/- Cap to /- Coil Series R-L-C
Circuit Connection Shown
-
Top Bottom Plexiglas Mounting Plates
vxB Force is out of the page, which is defined
as the Z Sense
Coils
B-field
Caps
vxB Force

-

E-field
-
E-field in Y5R Caps Dielectric (4 of 8 shown)
B-field
40
MLT-2004 HF vxB Test Set-Up
E-field 1-to-3 Step-Up X-former Box Max V
600V-p
Z
/Z vxB Thrust Axis
Fiber Glass Tube Nylon Rod MLT Stand-off
Bottom Mounting Plate with RTV
Vacuum Chamber vxB /- Capacitor and /-
Inductor Terminals Connection shown
SCIAME AG-1kg Load Cell in Mu-Metal Faraday Shield
Z

Caps
_

10kV Twisted Pair Power Feeds Blue/Black -
Coil Red/White - Caps
B-field Coils
Run in Air
_
Belden 8898 10kV Working
41
MLT-2004 vxB Resonant Bode Plot
With 1-to-3 Step-Up Transformer
2.00 MHz
2.2 MHz Operating Point
Voltage Delta 2.74X
Constant 3.0 V-p Input
42
MLT-2004 vxB 02-06-2004 DATA
Weight Scaling 1.43 Volt/gram
98oF
T-Delay DI-60E Weight Meter Processing Time
Delay
85oF
0.21 gram-force 2,059 m-Newton 0.32 gram-force
3,138 m-Newton 0.43 gram-force 4,217 m-Newton
Temp.
Weight
7.2 sec Force Delta 3.76-X Increase
464.59g
LM34H Temperature Trace
?Z
1000AM
0.17g
0.65g
464.42g
0.27g
464.15g
0.48g
Z
1017AM
Peak to Peak Noise 0.03 gram-force or 147 mN
peak
0.21g
463.94g No Power
0.20 sec
0.64g
T
Sag Y5R Warm-Up Time 6.10 sec
0.43g
8.00 sec
-
463.51g
Load Cell SCIAME AG-1kg
Volts
Volts
MLT Freq 2.20 MHz
43
Measured Output Force
-Z 206 dynes (2,060 mN)
Z 422 dynes (4,220 mN)
12.2 dynes Peak at 105V-p Direct Calculated
18.0 dynes Peak at 114V-p Direct Calculated
Per Capacitor Peak Voltage
114V-p/Cap yields - 206 dynes vs 18.0 dynes
calculated Delta 11.4-to-1 105V-p/Cap yields
422 dynes vs 12.2 dynes calculated Delta
34.6-to-1
MLT-2004 vxB Test Article w/ Eight, 1,000pF,
10kV, Y5R caps in series driving paralleled
148/128 Turn Coils with Eight, T-200-1 Core
Segments. Peak B-field in Caps 10.5 gauss /
Amp-peak Operating Freq 2.20 MHz (Palfreymans
Direct Calculated V23E vxB Performance
Spreadsheet)
44
March Woodwards Mach-2MHz MLT
Mach-2MHz Test Stand
Mach-2MHz on mount
Mach-2MHz Components
Max V 150V-p - 3.8MHz
Z
T106-2 Core
?Z
Caps
1k-to-5k mN
30-turn Coils
500pF
B-field Graph
500pF
143.4 grams Total Mass
34G/Amp
45
Feb 19, 2005 Mach-2MHz Data
Pendulum Rocking Noise
144.4 grams
1.0 gram (9,807 mN)
5 sec.
2,160 mN
143.8 grams
90o/-90o switching
?Z
143.4g
Calibration Weight Pulse
Z
Stop
Start
Noise0.093 g-f p-p or 0.046g-f peak (454mN)
142.6 grams
February 19, 2005 - Mach-2MHz vxB MLT Data at
2.13MHz Measured Force Output /-626 mN over
21.2 seconds during twelve, 1-to-2 second manual
90o/-90o phase reversal switching cycles at 50W,
VSWR 8-to-1, 120V-p/0.80A-p per cap. Predicted
Derived vxB results 16.2 mN Plus Delta
38.6-to-1
46
Cap Voltage Flat-Topping Zone
At 120V-peak, Measure Force 626 mN vs 16.2 mN
calculated Delta 38.6-to-1
Measured 626 mN
16.2 mN (D mass 0.858)
Per Capacitor Peak Voltage
Mach-2MHz vxB Test Article w/ Dual 500pF, 15kV,
Y5U Caps in parallel driving Dual 30-Turn Coils
in parallel with dual T-106-2 Core Segments.
Peak B-field in Caps 34 gauss/Amp-p, Operating
Freq 2.13 MHz (Palfreymans vxB, V23E Direct
Cal. Spreadsheet)
47
Space Propulsion ARC Seibersdorf Research
Austria Jan. 2006
Mach-6C Potted 52kHz, 3.8 kV-p Cap-Only
Data Experimenter Nembo Buldrini
Unexpected Results
6.54
(Only)
20 mN
48
Woodwards 2006 ARC-Lite C-O Torque Pendulum
Result in Vacuum
Left Thrust Trace -25 uN
Right Thrust Trace 10 uN
Cap V-p 3.8kV-p Freq 53 kHz
(28-Dec-2006)
(29-Dec-2006)
R
Predicted M-E Cap-Only (C-O) vxB Scaling
V4 Measured gtV4
L
MLT
Croc
49
M-E / MLT Applications
Personal Transportation Engines
Impulse Drive for ALL Terrestrial Vehicles,
Trans- Lunar, Solar System, Interstellar
Spacecraft
50
MLT Powered WarpStar-1 Vehicle Mission 12-hour
Round Trip to Moon with 2,000kg Payload both ways
Crew 2 4-Passengers 1,200kg Cargo POWER MLT
Arrays Mounted in Cabin Power Batteries Fuel
Cells with H2 in Nose Cone Area, LOX Mounted
under Floor.
GLOW 25,105kg
Air Lock
25,000kg? You can only lift micro-Newtons! How
do you expect to grow mN to 100k Newtons?!!
(2005 L-M CEV Proposal)
51
Pursuing the M-E Scaling Dragon

• How do we increase the micro-Newton(s) thrust
  levels obtained in MLTs to date, to the required
  thrust levels of hundreds, thousands, to hundreds
  of thousands of Newtons needed to power an
  airplane, or spaceship?
• Use the MLTs non-linear scaling rules to our
  advantage by increasing the capacitors ac drive
  frequency and cap-voltage as high as the
  dielectric permits, while maintaining as large a
  magnetic-field in the caps as possible.

52
WarpStar-1 Thrust-to-Power Curves
Max MLT Nuclear Perf.
Region where a percentage of the MLT input
energy could come from the FOAM
WarpStar-1 50MHz 1.0 N/W MLTs
Newton / Watt
Max Chemical Rocket Perf.
Marchs 2-4 MHz MLTs
MLT Assumptions Cubic Freq. Cubic Volts Cap DF
0.5 B-field 50G per Cap Amp- rms (R-L-C)
FOAM Far Off Active Mass
Current Turbofans Rockets SSME 2.5x10-4 N/W
(Self-contained) Turbofan Jet 2.5x10-3 N/W
(External Air)
MLT Operating Frequency
Woodwards MLTs
53
2,500 Newton MLT Module
(562 lb-f)
vxB Force Into page
50G/Amp B-field 1,500-Turn Coil Mass 2.4
kg i2R Losses 0.95kW
128, 10.0nF at 10kV, Z5U (er 8,500), 2.41 kg
Active Dielectric Mass, DF 0.5 With Caps
Running at 50MHz at 36.5V-p/Cap and 81.0 A-rms,
which generates 189.4 kVARs with Delta Mass
Ratio of 117. Power Dissipated in Caps 947W
implies Q 100 B-field 4,100
Gauss Newtons/Watt 1.32
Eight, 2.90cm OD by 0.51cm thick Z5U caps
mounted in Parallel with 16, 8-Cap Groups in
toroidal array
B-field
5.0cm (2.0) Ht
7.0cm
21.0cm (8.3) OD
A.P./V23H Spreadsheet Derived Calculated vxB
force Predictions
7.0cm
Mass 6 kg Max Dissipative Power 1.9 kW-e
54
25kW-e Tesseract MLT Assembly
r
B-field is Inversely Proportional with r
Z2-Canister Mass 54kg
50 MHz Osc./Cooling 30cm Cube, Mass 40.0 kg
X2-Canister Mass 54kg
X1-Canister Mass 54kg
X-Axis /- 45kN (/- 10,116 lb-f)
MLT-2004
Y1 Y2 Canister Total Mass 36kg
Z1-Canister Mass 54kg
Y-Axis /- 15kN (/- 3,372 lb-f)
Total Mass 292 kg T/W Ratio 15.7-to-1 LH
120cm W60cm
Z-Axis /- 45kN (/- 10,116 lb-f)
55
WarpStar-1
Assumed High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Radiation Shielding at 1gram/cm2 1,890kg
Stub-Wing Radiators w/RCC Leading Edge
Fuselage Radiators
Heat-Pipe Fed Radiators
Hatch Window
Emergency Hatch
8.00m
H2
4.00m OD
2.2m Hatch
Cargo
Air Lock
H2
H2
600kg LOX
LOX
4 LOX Tanks
MLTs
Crew Passenger Seats
15.0m (49.2)
Telescopic Landing Gear


11.0m (36.1)
3.00m (9.84)
Stub-Wings
Li-Poly Batteries
Estimated fueled Mass without Payload 24,465kg
Payload Mass 2,000kg GLOW 26,465kg with Max
Acceleration 2.0g
Cargo
4.00m OD (13.1)
Air Lock
Cargo
3, 1m x 3m H2 Tanks w/ 75kg H2 each
Stub-Wings
Emergency Hatch
Crew Instrument Panels
6 Fuel Cells
Rev-E
56
WarpStar-1 12-Hour, Constant 2.1E-g Power
Subsystem
MLTs Eff. Q 70 at 50MHz
164 kWt (typ.)
2.5kWt Nom.
T1
T4
T10
T7
100kW/130kWp PEM-PBI 55 Fuel Cells 2X-100kg
75kg H2
E C L S G N C
600kg LOX
H2O
T2
T5
T8
T11
75kg H2
100kW/130kWp PEM-PBI 55 Fuel Cells 2X-100kg
600kg LOX
H2O
T3
T12
T6
T9
75kg H2
100kW/130kWp PEM-PBI 55 Fuel Cells 2X-100kg
600kg LOX
H2O
Start-Up Recharge
18kW-hr, 100kg Li-Poly Battery w/ 33kg
Ultra-Caps
18kW-hr, 100kg Li-Poly Battery w/ 33kg
Ultra-Caps
18kW-hr, 100kg Li-Poly Battery w/ 33kg
Ultra-Caps
Li-Poly Batt Caps 445kg EPDC 150kg 6 Fuel
Cells (600kg) Fuel 2,025kg 6, 50kg Tanks
2,925kg Total Power Generation Subsystem 3,520kg
/ 26,465kg 13.3 of GLOW
LOX
N2
57
WarpStar-1 Thermal Control Subsystem
Dual Redundant Heat Pumps
Top of fuselage and Top Bottom of Stub-Wings
covered with Integrated Radiator Panels in
Gold/Pink areas with total Area 224m2 with
Emissivity 0.85
MLT Subsystem 30.0 kW-p 60C Thermal
3 or 4-Way Mixing Valves
HP1
HP2
24m2
Stub-Wings
Power Generation Subsystem 492.0 kW-p 180C
Thermal
4.00m OD (13.1)
Air Lock
180C
176.0m2
2.0 meter (m) typ.
Stub-Wings
EC LSS Subsystem 10.0 kW-p 30C Thermal
HP3
24m2
Emergency Hatch
HP4
12.0m (39.4)
3.00m (9.84)
15.0m (49.2)
Peak Thermal Load 532kWt
Assumed Heat rejection to space via IR EM
radiation from a single layer radiator scales
with radiator temperature to the 4th power (T4).
Therefore if we can triple the radiators
operating temperature via heat pumps, the
radiator surface area is decreased by a factor of
1/34 (1/81).
58
Current MLT Engineering Issues

• Controlling phase relationship between E-
  and B-fields in High-K ceramic dielectrics under
  high stress conditions.
• Understanding the B-field Generation in
  Cap-Only (C-O) MLT configurations.
• Mitigating and Controlling heat buildup in the
  MLT capacitors and B-field coils.
• Developing low D.F. (lt0.5) , High-K (e-r gt 10k)
  capacitors with 10,000 hour lifetimes.

59
Saturn-V F1 Engine Thrust 6,672,300 N
Mach-2MHz MLT Series R-L-C Extrapolated
Data Based on Palfreymans V23E W-E Spreadsheet
100MHz 2,550Vp 2.7 Tesla
Where we want to be and where MLT theory says
we can go.
50mN
Marchs 2MHz 0.001N MLTs Measured Data
Woodwards 50kHz MLTs Measured Data (0.00005N)
60
Future M-E Applications
Warp Drives 2040
Technology Maturity
G/I Thermal Radiators
2030
HFGW Radio
G-Field Generators
2035
2020
G/I Power Generators
2025
Recycled Propellant Propulsion
2015
Development Time
M-E