The Big Four

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The Big Four!

• Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds
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The Big Four

• Objectives
• Recognize the building blocks of the Big Four
• Understand the functions of the Big Four
• Draw the structural diagrams for amino acids, and
  nucleotides

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Organic Compounds

• All organic compounds
• Have carbon as their core structure
• Contain hydrogen, oxygen and a few other atoms
• Are considered macromolecules or polymers (giant
  molecules)

polymer monomer monomer monomer etc.
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Organic Compounds

• The Big Four
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids

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Organic Compounds Matching
Polymers Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates
Lipids
Monomers Glucose Nucleotides Glycerol Fatty
Acids Amino Acids
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Organic Compounds
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Protein
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Protein

• Building blocks are called Amino Acids
• There are only 20 Amino Acids
• Amino acids all have the same basic blueprint

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Amino Acid Structure
Hydrogen Atom
Carboxyl Acid Group
Amine Group
R Group / Side Chain
Central Carbon
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Dehydration Synthesis

• Dipeptide Molecule
• consists of 2 amino acids
• Polypeptide Molecule
• Consists of 3 or more amino acids
• Polypeptide molecules are considered protein when
  there are at least 200 amino acids

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Dehydration Synthesis

• Links amino acids together to make protein
• Carboxyl acid of one Amino Acid bonds to the
  Amine group of the next Amino Acid
• A Peptide Bond forms
• Loss of water Dehydration

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What does Dehydration Synthesis look like?
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Your turn

• Synthesize the following amino acids. Include
  structural diagrams for all reactants and
  products.

Alanine Glycine Alanine
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Alanine Glycine Alanine
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Last class

• Describe a polymer.
• What are the 5 parts of an amino acid?
• How many H2O molecules are formed during the
  synthesis of 8 amino acids?

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Why is water important to our diets?

• Digesting protein means breaking the peptide
  bonds that hold amino acids together
• The amino acids that result are missing -OH and
  H, which were lost during dehydration synthesis
• Water in our diet helps replace it
• Adding H2O in a chemical reaction is called
  Hydrolysis
• Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis

• Use structural diagrams to show the hydrolysis of
  a polypeptide consisting of
• In hydrolysis reactions involving protein, for
  every peptide bond broken, one water molecule is
  needed

Alanine-Glycine-Alanine
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Alanine-Glycine-Alanine
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Protein Functions

• Main structural component of cells
• Enzymes (organic catalysts) - control every
  chemical reaction in cells
• Hormones (chemical messengers)
• Antibodies
• Passive and Active channels in the plasma membrane

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Protein Shapes

• Primary
• linear arrangement of amino acids

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Protein Shapes

• Secondary
• helix or folded arrangement

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Protein Shapes

• Tertiary
• 3-D shape caused by the interaction of amino
  acids with large r-groups

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Protein Shapes

• Quaternary
• multiple polypeptides with 3-D shape

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Protein Shapes

• Try this!
• Match Protein Molecules

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Last class

• What is the difference between dehydration
  synthesis and hydrolysis?
• Name and describe the 4 different protein shapes.

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Protein Shapes

• Factors that may alter the shape of Protein
• Temperature
• Changes in pH
• Denaturation temporary change in shape
• Coagulation permanent change in shape
• Fryin an Egg Animation

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Enzymes

• Proteins that act as biological catalysts.
• Speed up chemical reactions that take place in
  cells.
• Very specific, used in only one type of
  chemical reaction
• Unaffected by the reaction, so they can be used
  over again.
• If the shape of the enzyme changes, the enzyme
  cant do its job.
• Reduce the activation energy needed to start the
  reaction

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Enzyme Names
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Enzymes

• Lock and Key principle
• Animation (you tube)

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Catabolic Reaction
Active site

Reactant (substrate)
enzyme
Enzyme/Substrate Complex


End product A
End product B
enzyme
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Anabolic Reaction


Substrate A
Substrate B
enzyme
Active site

End product
Enzyme/Substrate Complex
enzyme
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Last class

• Explain the Lock and Key principal.
• Whats the difference between denaturation and
  coagulation?
• Explain catabolic reactions.
• Explain anabolic reactions.

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids

• There are 2 types of nucleic acids
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• mRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA

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DNA

• Nucleic acid that stores and transmits hereditary
  or genetic information
• Double Helix shape
• Polymer created by monomers called nucleotides

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DNA

• Nucleotides

• Phosphate - phosphorus oxygen atoms
• 5 carbon sugar
• DNA deoxyribose
• 4 Nitrogen Bases
• A - Adenine
• T - Thymine
• C - Cytosine
• G - Guanine

P
Base
Sugar
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Complimentary Bases

• How do we know which bases are complimentary to
  each other?

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DNA

• Purines
• Adenine Guanine
• Double ringed structure

• Pyrimidines
• Thymine Cytosine
• Single ringed structure

Adenine (purine) bonds Thymine (pyrimidine) Guanin
e (purine) bonds Cytosine (pyrimidine)
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Remember how to draw DNA?

• Draw a DNA triplet using the the letters C, A and
  T on the left hand side

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3
G
C
T
A
A
T
3
5
DNA triplet
Amino Acid
Protein
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DNA

• Helicase
• The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between
  nucleotides (DNA unzips)
• Allows for replication

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DNA polymerase - allows for attachment of
free-floating nucleotides
5
3
G
C
T
A
A
T
3
5
A
T
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RNA

• (mRNA, tRNA rRNA)

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mRNA

• mRNA messenger RNA

• Single stranded molecule
• Consists of nucleotides
• Nitrogen Bases
• Adenine
• Uracil
• Cytosine
• Guanine

P
R
Base
Sugar (Ribose)
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mRNA

• mRNA is produced in the nucleus in a process call
  transcription (DNA copies its coded message -
  transcribes - onto a mRNA molecule)
• mRNAs code is contained in groups of 3 nitrogen
  bases called codons
• Each codon codes for 1 amino acid

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mRNA Codon
A
U
G
R
R
R
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DNA polymerase - allows for attachment of
free-floating nucleotides
5
3
G
C
T
A
A
T
3
5
A
R
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mRNA Codon Wheel
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tRNA

• tRNA transfer RNA
• Each tRNA molecule carries (transfers) one amino
  acid

A A
tRNA Anti-codon
U
A
C
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rRNA

• rRNA ribosomal RNA
• Forms the structure of a ribosome

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars
  (C6H12O6)
• Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  atoms (C-H-O ratio of 1-2-1)
• Used as a source of energy and in some cases for
  structural purposes

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Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides
• Simple sugars (C6H12O6)
• Single sugar molecules (glucose, galactose,
  fructose)
• All simple sugars are isomers of each other. They
  have the same formula, but different structures

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Carbohydrates

• Disaccharides
• Consist of 2 monosaccharides bonded through
  dehydration synthesis
• Glucose Glucose -gt Maltose H2O
• Glucose Fructose -gt Sucrose H2O
• Glucose Galactose -gt Lactose H2O
• Maltose, Sucrose Lactose are isomers with the
  formula C12H22O11

C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C12H22O11 H2O
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Carbohydrates

• To break down a disaccharide hydrolysis
• Lactose Lactase H2O -gt
• Glucose Galactose Lactase

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Catabolic Reaction
Active site

lactose
lactase
Enzyme/Substrate Complex


glucose
galactose
lactase
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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides
• Long chain of monosaccharides
• Examples
• Starch
• Cellulose
• Glycogen

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Carbohydrates

• Starch
• Stored in amyloplasts of plant cells, usually in
  the roots
• Foods like potatoes, bread, pasta, rice

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Carbohydrates

• Cellulose
• Component of the cell wall of plant cells
• Most abundant organic compound

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Carbohydrates

• Glycogen
• Animal starch
• Large molecule stored in animal muscle cells

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Last Class

• What are purines and pyrimidines?
• What is the name of the enzyme that splits the
  DNA molecule?
• Groups of 3 nitrogen bases are called
• ____________ in DNA
• ____________ in mRNA
• ____________ in tRNA
• What is the difference between an isomer, a
  monomer and a polymer? Give examples.

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Lipids
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Lipids

• Types of Lipids
• Triglycerides
• Cholesterol
• Steroids
• Hormones

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Cholesterol Overview

• Video
• Where is excess cholesterol stored?
• What is atherosclerosis?
• What are the controllable factors of cholesterol
  levels?
• How is high cholesterol treated?

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The Good and Bad of Cholesterol

• Answer the following questions in your notes
• What is the difference between HDL and LDL?
• What are the 3 components that make up your total
  cholesterol level?
• What are healthy levels for HDL and LDL?
• If you normally had 65 mg of HDL in your blood,
  how many mg of HDL would you have if you started
  smoking? What would that mean in terms of your
  heart health?
• In your opinion, should doctors prescribe
  medications as soon as a patient is diagnosed
  with high cholesterol? Why?

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Lipids

• Gram for gram lipids contain more energy
  potential than other organic compounds
• Lipids are our cells second choice for energy
• Carbon is the backbone of lipids with a lot of
  hydrogen and some oxygen
• Lipids are hydrophobic (not soluble in water)

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Lipids

• Triglyceride lipids are composed of 1 glycerol
  molecule bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules

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Lipids

• Triglyceride molecules fit together like this
• They attach by dehydration synthesis

Fatty Acid
Glycerol

Fatty Acid

Fatty Acid
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Lipids
H
H
H
H
H
O
C--C--C--C--C--C--H
HO
H
H
H
H
H

• Saturated fats "the enemy"
• Solids at room temperature
• Found in animal products (meat, eggs and cheese)
• Associated with LDLs
• Hard to digest
• Structure long chains of carbon attached by
  single covalent bonds.

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Lipids

• Monounsaturated fats "the good guys"
• Liquids at room temperature
• Found in plant products (olive oil)
• Less connection to LDLs
• Structure chains of carbon with a double bond
  between 2 carbons

H
H
H
H
O
C--C--C--C--C--C--H
HO
H
H
H
H
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Lipids

• Polyunsaturated fats"the good guys"
• Liquids at room temperature
• Found in oils from seeds (sunflower oil)
• No connection to LDLs
• May be connected to HDLs
• Structure more than 1 double bond in the chain
  of carbon

H
H
H
O
C--C--C--C--C--C--H
HO
H
H
H
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Trans fats
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Lipids

• Steroids Hormones
• Include estrogen, progesterone and testosterone
• Anabolic Steroids

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THE END

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